When an emergency situation occurs, observers are more likely to take action if

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When an emergency situation occurs, observers are more likely to take action if there are few or no other witnesses．This phenomenon is referred to as the bystander effect．
The bystander effect is also called the Genovese effect, which was named after Catherine Kitty Genovese, a．young woman who was murdered on March 13, 1964．Early in the morning, 28-year-old Genovese was returning home from work．As she approached her apartment entrance, she was attacked and stabbed（刺）by a man later identified as Winston Moseley．Despite Genovese]s repeated cries for help , none of the dozen or so people in the nea

rby apartment building who heard her cries called the police for help ．The attach first began at 3:20 , but it was not until 3:50 that someone first contacted the police．
There are two major factors that contribute to the bystander effect．First, the presence of other people creates a diffusion（分散）of responsibility．Because there are other observers, individuals do not feel as much pressure to take action, since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among all of those present．
The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways．When other observers fail to react, individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed or not appropriate．Other researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to take action if the situation, is ambiguous^ R^E^?）．In the case of Kitty Genovese, many of the 38 witnessing reported that they believed that they were witnessing a " lovers" quarrel" , and did not realize that the young woman was actually being murdered．
小题1:The passage seems to suggest that Genovese might not have been murdered if there had been_____．

A．no observer	B．fewer observers
C．more observers ．	D．younger observers

小题2:Genovese was murdered .

A．while she was going out	B．in her apartment
C．halfway home	D．in front of her apartment ?

小题3:The underlined word "this" in the last

paragraph probably refers to ____．

A．not doing anything to help	B．behaving in correct ways
C．taking action	D．murdering

小题4:We can learn from the passage that Genovese"s neighbors didn"t lend a hand partly because they ____．

A．were afraid of being attacked by the murderer

B．thought someone else might come to her rescue．

C．didn"t get along well with her

D．were sure it was murdering

答案

小题1:B
小题2:D
小题3:A
小题4:B

解析

略

举一反三

Just the mention of the TOEFL, GRE and GAMT exams brings a thought of long hours of dull paper work. But that idea is becoming increasingly out of date. As planned, computerized tests will begin next year which will bring a series of changes

from test psychology to scoring techniques.
From computer - equipped rooms, examinees will answer the questions on a computer. If they are sure about their choices, they can pass to the next question by pressing the entry (条目) “next”. Then another question will be randomly (任意地) selected from a vast test item bank and appear on the screen. After answering all the questions, examinees can choose the entry “quit” if they are not satisfied with their performance, or “score” if they want to see the result. Scores will be calculated immediately and appear on the screen. By that point, student"s marks are official--there is no going back.
Since they greatly shorten the painful waiting process-which used to be two or three months, computerized tests have won worldwide popularity. Besides, there will be no rushing to the registration offices (登记处) for these exams. Computerized tests will be given every workday in an exam center with all three kinds of tests being held in the same room. All test ta

kers need to do is to call the exam center and book their seats for a particular day.
In addition it will become technically possible to apply new testing procedures. In the past, each examinee had the same set of test items despite differences in their ability. Under a computerized system, however, if the computer judges an answer is right, a question of a relatively difficult nature will follow. But if an examinee continues to give wrong answers and is judged as un-qualified by the computer system, he will be automatically denied the chance to go further in the test.
小题1: Computerized tests allow the examinee to know their scores ______.

A．immediately on a central computer for scoring test papers

B．a few minutes after the exam with the help of a test center worker

C．on the next day after they have taken the exam

D．immediately after the exam by means of the same computer

小题2: If an examinee is not satisfied with his performance ______.

A．he can admit defeat and give it up	B．he can ask the computer to give some advice
C．he can ask another chance within a few days	D．he is allowed to do it once again

小题3:Under a computerized system, all of the following would be possible except that ______.

A．different exams can be taken in the same room

B．one doesn’t need to rush to the registration officer for taking an exam

C．it will be much easier to pass an examination

D．one can take an exam almost at any time of the year

小题4:The word denied in the last sentence most probably means ______.

A．refused

B．allowed

C．lost

D．passed

题型：不详难度：| 查看答案

Honestly, since my son was born, I have thought a lot about how to raise a child. I once heard a story that told about when a baby was born. The story said that when a baby was born, a new master was born. The parents of that baby wo

uld become the servants. The question is: Why? Based on my observation, this phenomenon is true. Most parents who don"t pay much attention to their kids have difficulties with their kids" attitude.
I"ll make a comparison of how two families raise their children. The first one is a family with three children. Both mother and father never say "No" to their children"s demands. As a result, all of their children became stubborn and won"t listen to their parents’ words, "We can"t."
The second family educated their children strictly from one year old to high school. The parents never approved or agreed directly to give their children what they wanted. They always postponed one or two days, even if they could afford it. Due to the way their parents educated them, these children understood that if they wanted something, they had to wait or they had to make an effort first. As a result, all the kids from the second famil

y successfully graduated from university on time.
In my opinion, if we want to be successful parents and raise our children well, we have to start disciplining them when they are toddlers but not wait until they become tee

nagers.
小题1:Why did the writer give two different stories in this passage?

A．To help prove his opinion about raising a child.

B．To list different ways that parents may take.

C．To criticize some parents’ foolish action.

D．To prove that his way of education is right.

小题2:What does the underlined word “postponed” in the third paragraph mean?

A．Carried out at once.	B．Gave up.
C．Put off.	D．Made a decision.

小题3: In the writer’s opinion, which of the following about raising a child is TRUE?

A．Children should be respected once they were born.

B．Parents should educate their children as early as possible.

C．It is right time to educate their children when they are teenagers.

D．Children should be helped whenever they make mistakes.

小题4: What do you think is the best title of this passage?

A．Make a comparison of how two families raise their children

B．To be successful parents

C．How to raise children well

D．Educate children strictly from one year old to high school

题型：不详难度：| 查看答案

So long as teachers fail to distinguish between teaching and learning， they will continue to undertake to do for children that which only children can do for themselves. Teaching children to read is not passing reading on do them. It is certainly not endless hours spent in activities about reading. Douglas insists that “reading cannot be taught directly and schools should stop trying to do the impossible”.
Teaching and learning are two entirely different processes. They differ in kind and function. The function of teaching is to create the conditions and the climate that will make it possible for children to devise the most efficient system for teaching themselves to read. Teaching is also a public activity: It can be seen and observed。
Learning to read involves all that each individual does to make sense of the world of printed language. Almost all of it is private, for learning is an occupation of the mind, and that process is not open to public scrutiny.
If teacher and learner roles are not interchangeable, what then can be done through teaching that will aid the child in the quest（探索) for knowledge？Smith has one principal rule for all teaching instructions. “Make learning to read easy, which means making reading a meaningful, enjoyable and frequent experience for children.”
When the roles of teacher and learner are seen for what they are, and when both teacher and learner fulfill them appropriately, then much of the pressure and feeling of failure for both is eliminated. Learning to read is made easier when teachers create an environment where children are given the opportunity to solve the problem of learning to read by reading.
小题1:The problem with the reading course as mentioned in the first paragraph is that ______.

A．it is one of the most difficult school courses

B．students spend endless hours in reading

C．reading tasks are assigned with little guidance

D．too much time is spent in teaching about reading

小题2:The teaching of reading will be successful if ______.

A．teachers can improve conditions at school for the students

B．teachers can enable students to develop their own way of reading

C．teachers can devise the most efficient system for reading

D．teachers can make their teaching activities observable

小题3:The underlined word “scrutiny” most probably means “______”.

A．inquiry

B．observation

C．control

D．suspicion

小题4:According to the passage, learning to read will no longer be a difficult task when ______.

A．children become highly motivated

B．teacher and learner roles are interchangeable

C．teaching helps children in the search for knowledge

D．reading enriches children’s experience

题型：不详难度：| 查看答案

Career education is instruction intended to help young people identify, choose, and prepare for a career. Such instruction may focus on a person"s role in work, leisure, or family life. Career education differs from vocational education, which is desig

ned to teach specific occupational skills.
Career education includes the formal and informal learning that occurs in the family, in the community, and in schools. In schools, career education consists of instructive activities included in many courses. These activities are designed to improve the attitudes, knowledge, and skills important for work roles. Career education helps students develop self- understanding and use it to plan their education and working life.
A complete career education program in school begins in kindergarten and continues at least through high school. Many colleges and universities also offer career education through their counseling (咨询) programs. In kindergartens and elementary schools, youngsters learn about different types of work. In middle schools or junior high school, children begin to explore the occupations and leisure activities that interest them most. In high school, students get more specific information about occupations and life styles. They may be in classroom, small group, or individual sessions where they learn how to make career decisions. They also should obtain the skills they need for further study or for a job after graduation. Counselors provide information on such matters as how to locate and apply for jobs and how to be successful in interviews. Teachers and counselors use a variety of methods to provide career education, including films about occupations or industries. Children may invite parents or other adults to come to school and describe their jobs. A student may accompany a worker on the job. Cooperative education combines classroom study with practical work experience.
小题1: According to the passage, which statement is true? ( )

A．Career education is carried out in primary schools only.

B．Career education is carried out in middle schools only.

C．Career

education is carried out in colleges only.

D．Career education is carried out in the whole process of people"s education - from kindergarten to university.

小题2:

It may be inferred from the passage that ( ).

A．not only teachers but also parents are responsible for youngsters" career education

B．in high schools, students know more specific information about occupations

C．career education may be in classroom, small group, or individual sessions

D．teachers use a variety of methods to provide career education, including films

小题3:A child may get career education in all the following places EXCEPT ( ).

A．schools

B．homes

C．communities

D．public places

小题4:The underlined word "combine" in the last paragraph means "to ( )".

A．connect

B．force

C．provide

D．attempt

题型：不详难度：| 查看答案

Ask someone what they have done to help the environment recently and they will almost certainly mention recycling．Recycling in the home is very important of course．However, being forced to recycle often means we already have more material than we need．We are dealing with the results of that over–consumption in the greenest way possible, but it would be far better if we did not need to bring so much material home in the first place．
The total amount of packaging has increased by 12% between 1999 and 2005．It now makes up a third of a typical household’s waste in the UK．In many supermarkets nowadays food items are packaged twice with plastic and cardboard．
Too much packaging is doing serious damage to the environment．The UK, for example, is running out of it for burying this unnecessary waste．If such packaging is burnt, it gives off greenhouse gases which go on to cause the greenhouse effect．Recycling helps, but the process itself uses energy．The solution is not to produce such items in the first place．Food waste is a serious problem, too．Too many supermarkets encourage customers to buy more than they need．However, few of them are coming round to the idea that this cannot continue, encouraging customers to reuse their plastic bags, for example．
But this is not just about supermarkets．It is about all of us．We have learned to associate packaging with quality．We have learned to think that something unpackaged is of poor quality．This is especially true of food．But it is also applied to a wide range of consumer products, which often have far more packaging than necessary．
There are signs of hope．As more of us recycle, we are beginning to realize just how much unnecessary materials are collected．We need to face the wastefulness of our consumer culture, but we have a mountain to climb．
小题1:What does the underlined phrase “that over-consumption” refer to?

A．Using too much packaging．

B．Recycling too many wastes．

C．Making more products than necessary．

D．Having more material than is needed．

小题2:The author uses figures in Paragraph 2 to show ___________．

A．the tendency of cutting household waste

B．the increase of packaging recycling

C．the rapid growth of supermarkets

D．the fact of packaging overuse

小题3:According to the text, recycling ___________．

A．helps control the greenhouse effect

B．means burning packaging for energy

C．is the solution to gas shortage

D．leads to a waste of land

小题4:What can be inferred from Paragraph 4?

A．Unpackaged products are of bad quality．

B．Supermarkets care more about packaging．

C．It is improper to judge quality by packaging．

D．Other products are better packaged than food．

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