Archaeology, like many academic words, comes from Greek and means, more or less,

Archaeology, like many academic words, comes from Greek and means, more or less,

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Archaeology, like many academic words, comes from Greek and means, more or less, “the study of old things”. So, it is really a part of the study of history. However, most historians use paper evidence, such as letters, paintings and photographs, but archaeologists learn from the objects left behind by the humans of long ago. Normally, these are the hard materials that don"t break down or disappear very quickly—things like human bones and objects made from stone and metal.
It is very unusual to find anything more than the hard evidence of history—normally, the bacteria in the air eat away at soft materials, like bodies, clothes and things made of wood. Occasionally, things are different.
In 1984, two men made an amazing discovery while working in a bog called Lindow Moss, in the north of England. A bog is a very wet area of earth, with a lot of plants growing in it. It can be like a very big and very thick vegetable soup—walk in the wrong place and you can sink and disappear forever. The men were working when one of them saw something sticking out—a human foot! Naturally, the men called the police, who then found the rest of the body. Was it a case of murder? Possibly—but it was a death nearly two thousand years old. The two men had found a body from the time of the Roman invasion of Britain. Despite being so old, this body had skin, muscles, hair and internal organs—the scientists who examined him were able to look inside the man"s stomach and find the food that he had eaten for his last meal!
Why was this man so well preserved? It was because he was in a very watery environment, safe from the bacteria that need oxygen to live. Also, the water in the bog was very acidic. The acid preserved the man"s skin in the way that animal skin is preserved for leather coats and shoes.
How did he die? Understandably, archaeologists and other scientists wanted to know more about the person that they called “Lindow Man”. His hands and fingernails suggested that he hadn"t done heavy manual work in his life—he could have been a rich man. They found that he hadn"t died by accident. The archaeologists believe that he was sacrificed to three different gods.
小题1:The underlined word “these” in the first paragraph refers to ________.
A.letters       B.photographs
C.paintingsD.objects
小题2:Which of the following helped to preserve “Lindow Man”?
A.Ice and low temperature
B.Acid and water
C.Soil and energy
D.Bacteria and oxygen
小题3:According to the passage, which of the following statements is right?
A.“Lindow Man” was named after the person who first found him.
B.Historians usually use paper evidence, while archaeologists use hard evidence.
C.“Lindow Man” was found by two archaeologists in the south of England.
D.“Lindow Man” was good at work by hand.
小题4:Which is the best title for the passage?
A.An Amazing Archaeological Discovery
B.Archaeology and History
C.What Is Archaeology?
D.The Death of “Lindow Man”

答案

小题1:D
小题2:B
小题3:B
小题4:A
解析

文章大意:本文是一篇关于考古发现的记叙文,文中简要介绍了“Lindow Man”被发现并研究的过程。
小题1:答案:D 指代判断题。根据上文“but archaeologists learn from the objects left behind”可知,此处的these指代的是the objects。故答案选D。
小题2:答案:B 细节理解题。根据文章第四段可知,起到保护作用的一是“watery environment”,二是“acid”。故答案选B。
小题3:答案:B 细节理解题。根据第一段第三句“However, most historians use paper evidence, such as letters, paintings and photographs, but archaeologists learn from the objects left behind by the humans of long ago.”可知B项正确。根据第三段第一句中的“a bog called Lindow Moss, in the north of England”可知A、C两项错误;根据最后一段第三句中的“... suggested that he hadn"t done heavy manual work in his life”可知D项错误。故答案选B。
小题4:答案:A 标题概括题。本文主要介绍了“Lindow Man”被发现研究的过程。故答案选A。
举一反三
Scientists have been puzzled by the phenomenon that migrating birds fly not just in groups all the time, but in "V" formations and they have tried to figure out what benefit birds get from this particular formation. Now, a research group from University of London may have found the answer ― migrating birds fly in a "V" to save energy, according to a study published in the journal Nature.
When a bird flaps(振翅) its wings, it stirs the air around it and causes it to move indifferent directions. Scientist found in the study that the air creates an upward-moving wave at the tips of the wings, which means that if a bird flies around the wingtips of another bird, it can get a boost(抬高) from the rising air and therefore use less energy to stay in the air.
Apart form the "free ride" strategy, scientists were also surprised to observe that migrating birds timed their wing beats and adjusted their positions in a very precise way to maximize the lifting effect while avoiding areas where the air move downward.
"They"re able to sense what"s going on from the bird in front, where this "good air" is coming from and now how to position themselves perfectly in it," lead researcher Steven Portugal told BBC.
In fact, the "V" formation has long thought to help birds fly more efficiently(效率搞地). A previous study showed that birds" heart rates went down when they were flying together in a "V" formation. Jet fighters were also found to be able reduce their energy use by up to 18% by staying near the wingtips of other jet fighters. Both of these findings led scientists to suspect that the "V" formation had an efficiency purpose, but until now they still lack proof.
"For scientists, the new study provides an insight into an interesting natural phenomenon. But it could mean even more for aircraft companies — helping them understand how they can imitate that with their plane formations to save fuel, said Portugal."
小题1:What is the author"s purpose in writing this article?
A.To explain how birds benefit from migration.
B.To introduce how migrating birds find their way.
C.To tell some applications of migrating birds" "V" formations.
D.To report new findings about migrating birds" "V" formations.
小题2: According to the recent study, when birds migrate        .
A.they don"t change their lead birds during the whole journey
B.they fly in "V" formations to protect themselves against enemies
C.they form the shape of a "V" to make best use of the lifting effect
D.the air they stir around makes it hard for the birds behind to fly fast
小题3:What is the significance of the new study according to this article?
A.It might inspire aircraft companies to think of ways to improve efficiency.
B.It has proved that the "V" formation can improve in efficiency in many fields,
C.It has led scientists to discover that birds" heart rates go down when they fly in a "V".
D.It shows that the best formation of jet fighters in battle should be a "V" formation.
小题4: The underlined word "imitate" in the last paragraph most probably means "        ".
A.useB.copyC.changeD.learn

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The preventive measures for forest fires include some preemptive(抢先)methods that can help reduce the risks of fires and control their severity and spread,and thus, maintain ecological balance and protect resources.Close monitoring of forest fires caused by natural factors can help prevent their spread to a large extent.To contain forest fires,fire departments usually use water and chemical fire retardants(抑制剂)that can be dropped from planes and helicopters.To control the spread of a wildfire.firefighters usually create a control line by removing all fuel from an area so that the fire cannot travel across it.
Controlled burns are often employed by government authorities to reduce fuel buildup,and clean up the fallen leaves,and thus,prevent the spread of forest fires to a vast area.Regular controlled burns can also help maintain biodiversity(生物多样性),as the smoke and heat produced in the process can facilitate(促进)the growth of seeds of certain plant species.Apart from these,responsible human behavior can help reduce the number of forest fires to a great extent.In fact,we can reduce the number of wildfires dramatically by not leaving behind any source of fire in the forest.
Forest fires can affect climate and weather to a great extent,besides causing severe damage to valuable trees.Wildfires can increase the level of greenhouse gases(water vapor, carbon dioxide,etc),and therefore increase pollution and global warming.However, they are also an important part of the ecosystem,and many plants depend on the heat and smoke generated by wildfires for their growth and reproduction.But large wildfires can cause extensive damage to the ecosystem,which again highlights the importance of effective control and prevention of forest fires·
小题1:What may be the best title for this passage?
A.Control and Prevention of Forest Fires
B.How to Keep Ecological Balance
C.Effects of Forest Fires
D.Methods of Fire Spread Control
小题2:Firefighters get rid of all fuel in all area in order to ____________.
A.keep close monitoring of forest fires
B.prevent the forest fire from occurring
C.protect the animals there
D.stop the wildfire from spreading
小题3:The government arranges some controlled burns to_______________.
A.burn the rubbish and keep the forest clean
B.help keep ecological balance of nature
C.reduce fuel buildup and limit forest fires spread
D.provide reasonable conditions for some plants’growth
小题4:A controlled forest fire may play a positive role because ________________.
A.a new forest will appear soon
B.it promotes the development of some seeds
C.nature keeps its balance only by wildfires
D.it makes the trees grow faster than before
小题5:The last paragraph tells us that _______________.
A.the greenhouse gases are caused mainly by wildfires
B.wildfires have both positive and negative effects
C.people should be aware of the necessity of wildfires
D.all the valuable trees disappear owing to wildfires

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     Caffeine not only gives us a daily jump start, but new research suggests it also can strengthen long-term memory.
According to the US Food and Drug Administration, nearly 90 percent of people worldwide consume about 200 milligrams of caffeine each day. That" s equivalent to about one strong cup of coffee a day. Writing in " Nature Neuroscience" , Johns Hopkins University researchers say their findings show that caffeine strengthens certain memories for up t0 24 hours after being taken in.
" We"ve always known that  caffeine has  cognitive-enhancing effects (促智效果) , but its ,particular effects on strengthening memories and making them resistant to forgetting has never been examined in detail in humans, "  said senior author of the paper Michael Yassa. " We re- port for the first time a specific effect of caffeine on reducing forgetting over 24 hours. "      Conducting a double-blind trial, the researchers worked with a test group of people who didn"t regularly consume caffeinated products. Five minutes after studying a series of images, the  test subjects were given either a placebo(无效对照剂)  or a 200-milligram caffeine tablet.
To check the caffeine levels of their test subjects, the research team took saliva samples (唾液样品)  from them before they took their tablets and again one, three and 24 hours after- wards.
Both groups of test participants ( those who took the placebo and those who took the caffeine tablet) were tested the following day to see if they could recognize the images they" d seen the previous day.
The test included showing the test subjects another series of images that included some new images , those that were shown the previous day, as well as other images that were similar, but not the same as those they had viewed earlier.
The researchers found that more members of the group who were given the caffeine tablets were able to correctly identify some of the new images as " similar" to previously viewed images rather than incorrectly identifying them as the same.
"We also know that caffeine is associated with health and longevity(长寿) and may havesome protective  effects  from  cognitive  decline  like  Alzheimer" s  disease (阿尔茨海默症). " said Yassa.
小题1:The purpose of the new research is
A.to survey how much caffeine people consume a day
B.to write the paper " Nature Neuroscience"
C.to prove caffeine has cognitive-enhancing effects
D.to examine caffeine " s memory-strengthening effects in detail
小题2: During the research ,the researchers did the following things EXCEPT
A.giving the test subjects placebos or caffeine tablets
B.checking the caffeine levels of the test subjects
C.encouraging the test subjects to drink more coffee
D.showing the test subjects series of images
小题3: How did the test subjects show the caffeine " s memory-strengthening effects?
A.By recognizing images they " d seen the previous day.
B.By taking the caffeine tablets instead of placebos.
C.By identifying the new images as the same.
D.By telling the differences between new images.
小题4: What will the next part of the text possibly talk about?
A.Ways to achieve health and longevity.
B.The effects caffeine has on health.
C.The treatment for Alzheimer" s disease.
D.The harmful effects of cognitive decline.

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      Sometime in the next century, the familiar early-newspaper on the front porch (门廊) will  disappear. And instead of reading your newspaper, it will read to you. You"ll get up and turn on  the computer newspaper just like switching on the TV An electronic voice will distribute stories  about the latest events, guided by a program that selects the type of news you want. You"ll even get to choose the kind of voice you want to hear. Want more information on this brief story? A simple touch makes the entire text appear. Save it in your own personal computer if you like. These are among the predictions from communication experts working on the newspapers of the future. Pictured as part of broader home-based media and entertainment systems, computer newspapers will unite print and broadcast reporting, and offer news and analysis with video images of news events.
Most of the technology is available now, but convincing more people that they don"t need to  read a newspaper is the next step. But resistance to computer newspapers may be stronger from  within journalism. Since it is such a cultural change, it may be that the present generation of  journalists and publishers will have to die off before the next generation realizes that the  newspaper industry is no longer a newspaper industry. Technology is making the end of " traditional newspapers unavoidable.
Despite technological advances, it could take decades to replace newsprint with computer  screens. It might take 30 t0 40 years to complete the changeover because people need to buy  computers and because newspapers have established financial interests in the paper industry.
小题1: Which of the following is NOT an advantage of computer newspapers?
A.They are cheaper than traditional newspapers.
B.They are more convenient to read.
C.You can choose the kind of voice you want to hear.
D.You can easily save information for future use.
小题2:Which of the  following is a reason why it will take a long time to complete the changeover?
A.The technology is impossible now.
B. Computer newspaper s are too expensive.
C.The popularization of computers needs a long time.
D.Traditional newspapers are easier to read.
小题3: It can be inferred that journalists are against computer newspapers because _______ .
A.they don"t know how to use computers
B.they think computer newspapers take too much time to read
C.they think the new technology is bad
D.they have been trained to write For traditional newspapers
小题4: We can infer from the passage that
A.all technological changes are good
B.new technologies don"t always replace old ones
C.new technologies will eventually replace old ones
D.traditional newspapers are here to stay for another century
小题5: What is the best title of the passage?
A.Computer newspapers are well liked.
B.Newspapers of the future will be on the computer.
C.Newspapers are out of fashion.
D.New communications technology.

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Human civilization has truly come a long way.From using animals for transport to the super fast automobiles that we have today.From using flint to making fire to using one touch lighters.But there are some things that we will never let go of.Some ancient traditions that have been brought down through the ages are still followed today.

Groundhog Day(土拔鼠节),falls on the 2nd of February every year.It is observed in the United States and Canada.While this day may be a public holiday and a bank holiday,it is not a compulsory holiday declared by the government.But this is not so for all the states.State-wise holidays may vary.
Ever heard of Punxsutawney Phil? Groundhog Day is observed because of this groundhog.The day is indeed about a groundhog.Punxsutawney is the name of an apparently weather forecasting groundhog.He lives in his burrow(洞穴)on Gobler’s Knob,Punxsutawney in Pennsylvania,for a short period before the 2nd of February every year.On the 2nd of February,Phil comes out from his burrow and looks for his shadow.If he sees his shadow and goes back into the burrow,then America will have an extended winter of six weeks,But if he cannot see his shadow,and he remains outside.It means winter will soon end and spring will arrive very shortly .Phil has been‘predicting’the length of winter in this manner for almost a century and they have always been almost 100% accurate.   
Groundhog Day is celebrated in some parts of the USA and Canada.The largest celebration is held at Punxsutawney,Pennsylvania.People come in scores to visit Punxsutawney Phil.They wait eagerly, camping days in advance,to see the small groundhog appear from his burrow,check for his shadow and either go back in or stay out.People cheer when they hear it is time for winter to end and celebrate by eating sweets and singing and dancing.Today.the Groundhog Day is a widespread tradition and an exciting event.
小题1:People celebrate Groundhog Day because ______________.
A.some sweets are provided on Groundhog Day
B.more and more people love groundhogs
C.the groundhog predicts the beginning of spring
D.Punxsutawney Phil is worth respecting
小题2:What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 1?
A.Human civilization has a long history.
B.Some old traditions should be carried on.
C.Human civilization develops very fast.
D.Some old traditions have disappeared.
小题3: We learn from the passage that Punxsutawney Phil ____________.
A.forecasts the weather based on his shadow
B.witnesses the history of human development
C.organizes celebrations on Groundhog Day
D.gives performances on Groundhog Day
小题4:We may infer from the passage that ________________.
A.groundhogs will replace TV weathermen soon
B.groundhogs can forecast the weather accurately
C.Groundhog Day is becoming popular in the US and Canada
D.a longer shadow of a groundhog indicates a longer winter
小题5:Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
A.Winter will end if the groundhog goes back into the burrow.
B.Groundhog Day is a compulsory’holiday in the US and Canada.
C.A groundhog will remain outside if he sees his shadows on 2nd,Feb.
D.The celebration in Punxsutawney attracts large numbers of visitors.

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