Dropouts for Ph. D. sEducators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dr

Dropouts for Ph. D. sEducators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dr

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Dropouts for Ph. D. s
Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was published. It was based on 22,000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.
The dropouts rate was found to be 31 per cent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not completing the Ph. D. requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates.
Discussing the study last week, Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated "because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of Ph. D. programs were capable of competing the requirement for the degree. Attrition at the Ph. D. level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete the Ph. D.’
"The results of our research" Dr. Tucker concluded, "did not support these opinions."
1.    Lack of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.
2.    Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialties.
3.    Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation.
Nearly 75 per cent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision, but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination, uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their Ph. D. program, lack of finances was marked by 19 per cent.
As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing, a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving $ 20,000 and more annually while none of the Ph. D. "s with that background reached this figure. The Ph. D. "s shone in the $ 7,500 to $ 15,000 bracket with 78% at that level against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph. D. "s tend to rise to the highest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields.
As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus, the outlook was glum. The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25 % of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job.
小题1: The author states that many educators feel that            
[A] steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus.
[B] the dropouts should return to a lower quality school to continue their study.
[C] the Ph. D. holder is generally a better adjusted person than the dropout.
[D] The high dropouts rate is largely attributable to the lack of stimulation on the part of faculty members.
小题2:  Research has shown that          
[A] Dropouts are substantially below Ph. D. "s in financial attainment.
[B] the incentive factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing Ph. D. studies.
[C] The Ph. D. candidate is likely to change his field of specialization if he drops out.
[D] about one-third of those who start Ph. D. work do not complete the work to earn the degree.
小题3:  Meeting foreign language requirements for the Ph. D.
[A] is the most frequent reason for dropping out.
[B] is more difficult for the science candidate than for the humanities candidate.
[C] is an essential part of many Ph. D. programs.
[D] does not vary in difficulty among universities.
小题4:  After reading the article, one would refrain from concluding that          
[A] optimism reigns in regard to getting Ph. D. dropouts to return to their pursuit of the degree.
[B] a Ph. D. dropout, by and large, does not have what it takes to learn the degree.
[C] colleges and universities employ a substantial number of Ph. D. dropouts.
[D] Ph. D. "s are not earning what they deserve in nonacademic positions.
小题5:  It can be inferred that the high rate of dropouts lies in            
[A] salary for Ph. D. too low.
[B] academic requirement too high.
[C] salary for dropouts too high.
[D] 1000 positions.
答案

小题1:A
小题2:D
小题3:C
小题4:A
小题5:A
解析
 
 这是一篇论及"博士生辍学"的文章。采用对比和因果手法。文章一开始就提出教育工作者严重关注博士生辍学达50%的问题。而调查报告证明,只有31%。辍学造成不良后果,有人建议中途退学者回炉再念博士学位学业。研究表明不行。列出理由并加以分析。
小题1: A. 许多教育工作者感到应采取步骤让辍学者回校学习,特别是有些学科。这在第三段最后一句话:“有些人建议高级专家和大学教师短缺现象可以通过劝说辍学者返回校园完成博士学位来减少。”
B. 辍学者应回到稍第几的学校去完成学业。 C. 有博士学位的人一般比辍学者具有较好的适应性。 D. 高辍学率主要原因在于教师方面缺乏刺激鼓励。这三项文内没有提。
小题2:  D.约三分之一开始就读博士学位的人没有完成学业取得学位。第二段第一句:“辍学率为31%。大多数情况下,辍学人不能完成博士学位学业,就去从事生产性工作”。
A. 辍学者的经济收入比博士生低许多。这是错的。见倒数第二段:“作为辍学者干得真不错的证明,统计图表说明2%人文学科的辍学者年收入为20000多没劲,没有一个同样背景的博士生达到这个数字。7000至15000美元年收入水平为博士生的78%,辍学者仅为50%。” B. 在博士学习中刺激因素较小。 C. 博士预备生如果中途退学很可能改变其专业领域。
小题3:   C. 博士生应达到外语要求的水平是许多博士生课程的一个基本组成部分。这在第四段有所表示:“约75%的退学者说,他们决定退学并不是处于学术的原因,而处于学术原因的退学者提出:难以通过资格考试,难以完成研究,通不过外语考试”。这里看出外语是博士生课程的基本组成部分。
A. 它是退学最频繁的原因。 B. 它对理科博士生比文科博士应考生更难。 D. 它在大学中的难度并没有不同。
小题4: A. 读完这篇文章,人们不会有这种结论。这在第三段末和最后一段。第三段末:“我们研究的结果并不支持这些一件(包括返回校园之意见):⑴缺乏动力是退学的主要原因。⑵大多数退学者在博士课程上已经达到和他们的能力水平和专业水平相一致的水平。⑶大多数退学者现在从事的工作和他们所受教育和动机相一致。”最后一段:“至于返回校园的可能性,前景不乐观。至少有25%的退学生可能考虑返回研究生院就读,条件是保证他们保留现有的收入水平,有些还要保留他们目前的工作。”
B. 博士生退学者,大体而论,并不具备得到学位所需要的一切。 C. 学院和大学雇佣了许多退学生。 D. 博士生在非学术岗位上没有挣到他们应得的钱。B.、C.两项文内没提。D.不对,参见难句译注4。
小题5:  A. 博士生的工资太低。见第四题A.的译注和难句译注4。
B. 学术要求太高。这只是某些因学术原因辍学者之强调点。 C. 辍学者工资太高。不是太高而是有一部分高于博士生。见第二题D项注释。 D. 职位低。文内没有提。
举一反三
The following form shows the result of a survey (调查) of parents from five countries, who were asked why children are important to them. They were required to choose three main reasons from seven dealing with personal interests, family relations and social responsibility(责任). Each number in the form is the percentage (%) of parents who chose that particular item(项) as one of their three reasons. Therefore, the most common for Japanese parents are strengthening family ties (Item D, 51%), learning from the experience (Item E, 60%), and raising responsible citizens (Item, G 45%).
Items
Japan
Korea
U.S.A
Britain
France
A.To see oneself continuing in future
35
32
31
17
59
B. To keep the family line
24
68
28
17
26
C. To receive care in old age
10
38
8
7
8
D. To strengthen family ties
51
25
50
55
66
E.To develop oneself through raising one’s children
60
19
54
69
35
F. To enjoy raising one’s children
20
19
50
71
39
G. To raise responsible citizens
45
40
46
28
15
小题1:According to this survey, Korean parents are most interested in         .
A.continuing their familyB.obtaining care in old age
C.strengthening family relationshipD.caring for raising children
小题2:How many items are chosen by parents of more than two countries as main reasons?
A.Two.B.Three.C.Four.D.Five.
小题3:From the percentages in items _______, we can see the following difference between the Asian and the European countries: the Asian parents want to devote themselves to future societies through children; the European parents enjoy the course of raising children.
A.B and CB.D and FC.E and FD.F and G
小题4:According to the form, which of the following is true?
A.From the main reasons shown in the form it seems that in every country parents do not expect care
from children in their old age.
B.Japanese parents share two of their main reasons with the British and American parents, and the third one with Korean parents.
C.More than half of the parents from each country chose the reason“tostrengthen family ties”and for each it was one of the three main reasons for having children.
D.The percentage of French parents selecting the reason“to see oneself continuing in future”is about as high as that of the other countries.

题型:不详难度:| 查看答案
Pierre is a 25-year-old penguin at the California Academy of Sciences. Due to his old age, he was going bald, which made him feel too cold to swim in the pool. Therefore, biologists at the academy had a wetsuit created for this penguin to help him get back in the swimming pool.

Unlike marine mammals, which have a layer of blubber to keep them warm, penguins depend on their waterproof feathers. Without them, Pierre was unwilling to jump into the swimming pool and ended up trembling on the side of the pool while his 19 peers played in the water.
"He was cold; he would shake," said Pam Schaller, a senior biologist. Schaller first tried a heat lamp to keep Pierre warm. Then she got another idea: if wetsuits keep humans warm in the cold Pacific, why not make one for Pierre?
Schaller designed the suit, which covered Pierre’s body and had small openings for his flippers.
"I would walk behind him and look at where there were any gaps, and cut and refit and cut and refit until it looked like it was extremely suitable," she said.
One concern was that the other penguins would reject Pierre in his new suit, but in fact, they accepted his new look. He swam freely and got along with others well, although he was the only penguin with a black stomach.
Schaller couldn’t say for sure whether the wetsuit allowed Pierre to recover his fine feathers, but "certainly we were able to keep him comfortable during a period of time that would have been very difficult for him to stay comfortable".
Pierre will take off his suit after his new feathers grow back.
小题1: Pierre felt too cold to swim in the pool because of _____.
A.not having a layer of blubberB.having few feathers due to old age
C.having no wetsuitD.others penguins rejecting him
小题2:The idea of making a wetsuit for Pierre came from _____.
A.total inventionB.the use of wetsuit on humans
C.the use of heat lampD.waterproof feathers
小题3: Schaller followed Pierre in order to see _____.
A.whether other penguins would reject him
B.if anywhere of wetsuit needed to be cut and refit
C.if the wetsuit kept warm
D.whether the wetsuit would keep the feathers from recovering
小题4:What does the underlined word in the second paragraph mean?
A.feeling scaredB.staying aloneC.shaking with coldD.keeping warm
小题5:The best title of the passage is _____.
A.Wetsuit for An Old PenguinB.Old Penguin Getting Bald
C.Unwilling to SwimD.Strange Look of Pierre

题型:不详难度:| 查看答案
What should you think about when you try to find your career? You are probably better at some school subjects than others, These may show strengths that you can use in your work. A boy who is good at mathematics can use that in engineering career. A girl who spells well and likes English may be good at office work. So it is important to know the subjects you do well in at school. On the other hand, you may not have any specially strong or weak subjects but your records show a general satisfactory standard. Although not all subjects can be used directly in a job, they may have indirect value.
  Your school may have taught you skills, such as typing or technical drawing, which you can use in your work. You may be good at mental work or cookery(烹调术) and look for a job where you can improve these skills.
  If you have had a part - time job on Saturday or in the summer, think what you gained from it. If nothing else, you may have learned how to get to work on time, to follow instructions and to get on with older workers. You may have learned to give correct change in a shop, for example. Just as important, you may become interested in a particular industry or career you see from the inside in a part - time job.
  Facing your weak points is also part of knowing yourself. You may be all thumbs when you handle tools; perhaps you are a poor speller or cannot add up a column of figures. It is bitter to face any weaknesses than to pretend they do not exist. Your school record, for instance, may not be too good, yet it is an important part of your background. You should not feel sorry about it but instead recognize that you will have a chance of a fresh start at work.
小题1:The first paragraph of the passage is mainly about ________.
A.the indirect value of school work 
B.the importance of being good at all subjects
C.knowing one’s strong or weak subjects at school
D.using school performance to help to choose a career
小题2:In the writer’s opinion, for a student to have a part - time job is probably ________.
A.a good way to find out his weak points 
B.one of the best ways of earning extra money
C.of great use for his work in the future 
D.a waste of time he could have spent on study
小题3:If a student’s school record is not good, according to the passage, he________ .
A.may do well in his future work 
B.won’t be able to find a suitable job
C.may be a complete failure in the future 
D.will regret not having worked harder at school
小题4:The whole passage centers around ________.
A.knowing oneself in looking for a job 
B.developing one’s abilities useful in school
C.gaining much knowledge by working hard at school
D.choosing a career according to what one is skilled in

题型:不详难度:| 查看答案
On the afternoon of September27, 2008, Astronaut Zhai Zhigang became the first Chinese man to walk in space on Saturday, clambering(爬上,攀登) out of China"s Shenzhou VII space craft in a technological feat(成就,功绩)that made the Chinese people excited.

"I"m feeling quite well. I greet the Chinese people and the people of the world," Zhai said as he climbed out of the craft at around 16:40 Beijing time, a historic achievement telecast live on CCTV. Tens of millions of Chinese viewers gathered before TV screens to watch the moment.
Chinese President Hu Jintao and other top leaders had appeared at the Beijing Aerospace Control Center to watch the live transmission of Zhai"s spacewalk.
Zhai, 42, chosen by an expert team for the first "out-of-capsule activity," showed a red national flag, helped by colleague Liu Boming, who also briefly popped his head out of the capsule.
Zhai slowly made his way towards a test sample of solid lubricant(润滑剂)outside the capsule, took a sample and handed it to Liu.
Zhai safely returned inside the craft after about 20 minutes. The walk marked the highpoint of China"s third manned space journey, which has received widespread media coverage.
Zhai wore a $4.4 million Chinese-made suit weighing 120-kg. Liu wore a Russian-made one and acted as an assistant.
The third crew member, Jing Haipeng, monitored the ship from inside the re-entry module. w.w
The risky maneuver is a step towards China"s longer-term goal of building a space lab and then a larger space station, analysts said.
"On this flight, Chinese people"s footprints will be left in space for the first time," said a commentary(评论)by the Xinhua news agency.
The astronauts went aboard on their walk after receiving a clean bill of health from doctors on the ground at mission control in Beijing, Xinhua said.
Zhai"s suit has 10 layers and takes up to 15 hours to assemble and put on.
China"s first manned spaceflight was in 2003. A second, two-manned flight followed in 2005. The only other countries that have sent people into space are Russia and the United States.
Shenzhou VII took off on Thursday and is due to land on the northern steppes(草原) of Inner Mongolia on Sunday.
小题1:The space walk done by the Chinese astronaut was historic because ______.
A.it was telecast liveB.there were more Chinese viewers than ever
C.it was the first space walk carried out by Chinese astronauts
D.top leaders watched the space walk
小题2: The following statements are true except ______.
A.The lubricant put outside the capsule was a test sample
B.It took Zhai Zhigang about 20 minutes to return to the craft safely
C.Many televisions and newspapers around the world reported the event
D.There is an aerospace control center in the capital
小题3:The significance of the space walk is ______.
A.that the astronaut can work outside the spacecraft
B.it marks a successful step towards China’s longer-term goal of building a space lab as well as a space station
C.it has attracted tens of millions of people to watch the walk
D.that the Chinese-made space suit can be used in space
小题4:What does the underlined word “clean” mean in the passage?
A.healthyB.paid-offC.not dirtyD.clear
小题5: The best title of the passage is ______.
A.First Footprints of Chinese People in Space
B.Expensive Space Suit
C.Three Successful Manned Flights by Chinese Astronauts
D.Historic Space Walk by Chinese Astronaut

题型:不详难度:| 查看答案
The famous American gorilla(大猩猩) expert Diane Fossey had a completely new way to study gorillas — she pretended to be one of them. She copied their actions and way of life — eating plants and getting down on her hands and knees to walk the way a gorilla does. It was a new relationship.
Diane Fossey was murdered in Rwanda in 1985 and her story was made into the popular film Gorillas in the Mist. It was a long way from King Kong, which is about a gorilla as a monster (a frightening animal), and helped to show a new idea: the real monster is man, while the gorilla is to be admired.
Today there are thought to be around 48,000 lowland gorillas and maybe 400—450 mountain gorillas in the wild. From the Congo in West Africa, to Rwanda and Uganda further east, they are endangered by hunting and by the cutting down of their forest homes.
Some time ago, I found in my letterbox a little magazine from the World Wide Fund for Nature. It had two photos side by side. One was of a young gorilla. “This is a species of mammal(哺乳类动物),” said the words below it. “It is being destroyed by man. We must save it for our own good.” The other photo showed a human baby. The words also read, “This is a species of mammal,” but then went on: “It is the most destructive(破坏性的) on earth. We must retrain it for its own good.”
小题1:The text mainly talks about _____.
A.Diane Fossey
B.the gorillas in Rwanda
C.the protection of the gorillas
D.the film Gorillas in the Mist
小题2:We can learn from the text that _____.
A.Gorillas in the mist was based Fossey’s experiences
B.Lowland gorillas live longer than mountain gorillas
C.King Kong showed us that a gorilla is admirable
D.Diane Fossey was murdered by a gorilla
小题3:What message can we get from the two photos in the magazine?
A.Gorillas are man’s close friends.
B.Both man and the gorilla need to be saved.
C.Young gorillas are as lovely as human babies.
D.Man should live peacefully with the gorilla.

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