So long as teachers fail to distinguish (differ) between teaching and learning,

题型：不详难度：来源：

So long as teachers fail to distinguish (differ) between teaching and learning, they will continue to undertake to do for children that which only children can do for themselves. Teaching children to read is not passing reading on to them. It is certainly not endless hours spent in activities about reading. Douglas insists that “reading cannot be taught directly and schools should stop trying to do the impossible”.
Teaching and learning are two entirely different processes. They differ in kind and function. The function of teaching is to create the conditions and the climate that will make it possible for children to plan cleverly the most efficient(有效的) system for teaching themselves to read. Teaching is also a public activity: It can be seen and observed.
Learning to read involves all that each individual does to understand the world of printed language. Almost all of it is private, for learning is an occupation of the mind, and that process is not open to public scrutiny.
If teacher and learner roles are not interchangeable, what then can be done through teaching that will aid the child in the long search for knowledge? Smith has one principle rule for all teaching instructions. “Make learning to read easy, which means making reading a meaningful, enjoyable and frequent experience for children.”
When the roles of teacher and learner are seen for what they are, and when both teacher and learner fulfill them properly, then much of the pressure and feeling of failure for both is got rid of. Learning to read is made easier when teachers create an environment where children are given the chance to solve the problem of learning to read by learning.
小题1:The problem with the reading course as mentioned in the first paragraph is that_______.

A．too much time is spent in teaching about reading

B．reading tasks are given with little guidance

C．it is one of the most difficult school courses

D．students spend limited hours in reading

小题2: The teaching of reading will be successful if _______.

A．teachers can make their teaching activities observable

B．teachers can teach their students how to read

C．teachers can improve conditions at school for the students

D．teachers can enable students to develop their own way of reading

小题3:The word “scrutiny” (Paragraph 3) most probably means “_______”.

A．unbelief

B．control

C．inquiry

D．observation

小题4:The main idea of the passage is that_______.

A．reading is more complicated than believable

B．reading ability is something gained rather than taught

C．teachers should encourage students to read as widely as possible

D．teachers should do as little as possible in helping students learn to read

答案

小题1:A
小题2:D
小题3:D
小题4:B

解析

本文从教与学的关系出发，提出了对孩子们的阅读教学方法的看法。
小题1:推断题。根据文章第1段倒数第2句：在阅读活动方面并不是时间无休止的投入，也就是说：在阅读上花费的时间太多了。由此可推知此题答案为A。
小题2:细节题。通读 Almost all of it is private, for learning is an occupation of the mind, and that process is not open to public scrutiny 可知，private 与 not open to public scrutiny 同义，据此可推知答案为D。
小题3:词义猜测题。根据上文private 及单词所在的语句not open to public scrutiny可知：它们同义，由此可推知此题答案为D。
小题4:主旨题。根据文章第1段第2句及全文内容可推知此题答案为B。

举一反三

To get cash out in the 21st century, you won’t need a bank card, a PIN(个人识别编号) or even have to move a finger. You will simply have to look the cash machine straight in the eye, declares National Cash Registers, a multinational company that makes automated teller machines, or ATMs. NCR has shown its first example machine that is believed to be the future of banking. Instead of asking you for your PIN on a screen, the Super Teller-Stella for short, asks you orally through a loudspeaker to look straight ahead while an infrared camera turns to your head, then your eye, and finally takes an infrared photograph of your iris(虹膜). For identification(识别) purposes, an iris picture is better than a fingerprint, with around 256 noticeable characteristics compared with 40 for fingerprints. This means that the chances of someone else being recognized in your place is about 1 in 1020. Once you’ve been identified, Stella greets you by name and says: “Would you like cash or a statement?” An infrared port allows the machine to send a bank statement straight to your pocket computer.
小题1:What does this passage mainly talk about?

A．A new medical instrument

B．A new type of talking machine.

C．A new type of cash machine.

D．National Cash Register

小题2:What is this new machine called?

A．Stella

B．ATM

C．PIN

D．NCR

小题3:When you want to get cash out in the 21st century, you will _______.

A．need a bank card	B．have to put in your PIN
C．move your finger	D．just look directly at the teller machine

题型：不详难度：| 查看答案

Weather changes when the temperature and the amount of water in the atmosphere change. We can see and feel water coming from the atmosphere when we have rain. But the water must somehow get back to the atmosphere. Meteorologists call this the water cycle.
There are many stages in the water cycle. Rain falls when water vapour in clouds condenses(凝结). Drops of water form and fall to the ground. The water soaks into the ground and feeds streams and rivers. A lot of rain falls into the sea. The heat of the sun evaporates some of the water in the ground and in the rivers, lakes, and the sea. It changes the liquid water into water vapour. The vapour rises onto the air. Water vapour is normally invisible. On a very damp or humid day, however, you can sometimes see water vapour rising from a puddle(水坑) or pond in a mist(薄雾) above the water. Water vapour also gets into the air from living things. Trees and other plants take in water through their roots and give off water vapour from their leaves. People and land animals drink water and breathe out water vapour. In all these ways the water returns to the air. There it gathers to form clouds and condenses to form rain. The rain falls to earth, and the cycle starts again. It continues even if snow or hail(冰雹) fall instead because both eventually melt to form water. The amount of water vapour in the air depends on the temperature. The air is more moist(潮湿) in the tropics(热带) than in the cold polar regions.
小题1: What is the main idea of the passage?

A．Water cycle.	B．Water vapour.
C．How rain forms.	D．Water, vapour, rain.

小题2:How many ways of the water returning to the air are discussed in the text?

A．Two.

B．Three.

C．Four.

D．Five.

小题3:Whether water vapour can be seen or not depends on _______.

A．how much water is evaporated	B．how good your eyes are
C．in which way water is evaporated	D．climate or weather

小题4: From the passage we get to know _______.

A．there is more water vapour in the air in the tropics than in cold polar regions

B．there is more water vapour in the air in cold polar region than in the tropics

C．it gets more rain in the tropics than in cold polar regions because there is less vapour

D．the amount of water vapour in the air depends on how often it rains

题型：不详难度：| 查看答案

"The world"s oceans are slowly getting more acidic,”say scientists. The researchers from California report that the change is taking place in response to higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
The lowering of the waters’pH value is not great at the moment but could cause a serious threat to current ocean life if it continues, they warn. Ken Caldeira and Michael Wickett, from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, report their concerns in the journal Nature.
Increasing use of oil fuels means more carbon dioxide is going into the air, and most of it will eventually be absorbed by seawater. Once in the water, it reacts to form carbonic acid. Scientists believe that the oceans have already become slightly more acidic over the last century.
These researchers have tried to predict what will happen in the future by combining what we know about the history of the oceans with computer models of climate change．"This level of acidity will get much more extreme in the future if we continue releasing CO2 into the atmosphere," said Dr Caldeira. "And we predict the amount of future acidity will exceed（超过）anything we have seen over the last several hundred million years, let alone perhaps after rare disastrous events such as asteroid（小行星) impacts．”
However, it is not absolutely clear what that means for ocean life．Most organisms live near the surface, where the greatest pH change would be expected to occur, but deep-ocean life forms may be more sensitive to pH changes．Coral reefs and other organisms whose shells contain calcium carbonate（小行星) may be particularly affected if the water"s acidity levels keep going up, the team predict. They could find it much more difficult to build these structures in water with a lower pH.
In recent years some people have suggested storing carbon dioxide from power stations in the deep ocean as a way of dealing with global warming．But Dr Caldeira said that such a strategy should now be re-considered. "Previously, most experts had looked at ocean absorption of carbon dioxide as a good thing-because in releasing CO2 into the atmosphere we warm the planet, and when CO2, is absorbed by the ocean, it reduces the amount of greenhouse warming.”
小题1:According to Dr Caldeira,__________ .

A．ocean absorption of carbon dioxide is a good thing

B．more oil fuels will be used in the near future

C．scientists may predict climate changes with computer models

D．the future situation of the amount of acidity is extremely serious

小题2:f the water"s acidity level keeps rising,_________ .

A．ocean life whose structures contain calcium carbonate may be affected

B．the waters’pH value will become higher and higher

C．organisms living near the surface are more sensitive to pH changes

D．some disastrous events will occur more often than before

小题3:Most experts once believed storing carbon dioxide in the ocean would reduce________ .

A．the CO2 absorbed by the ocean	B．the amount of greenhouse warming
C．the acidity of the ocean	D．the gradual release of CO2

小题4:The purpose of this passage is to_________ .

A．show people the findings of a research team	B．inform people of how acid the ocean is now
C．introduce Dr Caldeira and his team"s research	D．warn people of the higher level of CO2

题型：不详难度：| 查看答案

Doreen Sykora is now a junior at McGill University. She had a difficult time when she first began college. She said, “I was always well prepared for my examinations. But when I go into class to take the exam, I would fall apart. I could just blank out because of nervousness and fear.” Hitoshi Sakamoto, an anthropology(人类学) student at Temple University in Tokyo reports similar experiences.
These two young students were experiencing something called test anxiety. Because a student worries and is stressed(加压力于) about a test, his or her mind does not work as well as it usually does. The student cannot write or think clearly because of the severe tension and nervousness.
Now there are special university courses to help students. In these courses, advisors and psychologists try to help students by teaching them to manage test anxiety. Such a course helps students learn to live with stress and not fail because of it. First students take a practice test to measure their worry level. If the tests show that their stress level is high, the students can take a short course to manage the fear. These courses teach students how to relax their bodies. They get training to become calm in very tense situations. By controlling their nervousness, they can let their minds work more easily. Learned information then comes out without difficulty on a test.
Doreen Sykora saw immediate results after taking such a course. She now has enthusiasm about the relaxation methods. “Mostly, what I do is imagine myself in a very calm place. Then I imagine myself picking up a pencil. I move slowly and carefully. I breathe easily and let all the tension out. With each breath, more worry leaves me. It really works too. My grades have improved greatly! I’m really doing well at McGill now. This relaxation method works not only on examinations, but it has improved the rest of my life as well.”
For Hitoshi in Tokyo, the results were much the same. He is enjoying school a lot more and learning more.
小题1:What is the similarity between Doreen Sykora and Hitoshi Sakamoto?

A．They are students from the same university.

B．They failed in all the examinations.

C．They both had experiences of test anxiety.

D．They both had the same poor studying habits.

小题2:The phrase “blank out” in Paragraph 1 refers to “_______.”

A．lose interest in the exam	B．refuse to take the exam
C．get an extra paper	D．be unable to think clearly

小题3:What’s the purpose of some special university student-help courses?

A．To help students to reduce test anxiety.

B．To show a stress level experienced by students.

C．To learn more knowledge about test anxiety.

D．To have a better understanding of test anxiety.

题型：不详难度：| 查看答案

The average person learns most of the 30 000～40 000 words whose meanings he or she recognizes by hearing them or getting familiar with them in the context or simply absorbing them without conscious(意识到的) effort. The best way to build a good vocabulary, therefore, is to read a great deal and to participate in a lot of good talks. There are relatively few words that we learn permanently(永久的)by purposefully referring to dictionaries or keeping word lists. However, even those extra few are of value, and no one will make a mistake by working on developing a larger vocabulary. Here are some suggestions of how to do it.
Read plenty of good books. When you come across a new word, or a new meaning of an old word, stop and see if you can understand it from its context. If you can"t, and if you can manage without interrupting the thought of the book too much, look it up in a dictionary or ask somebody and then repeat its meaning to yourself a couple of times. If you are really conscientious(认真的), write the word and its meaning in a personal vocabulary list — preferably using it in a sentence, or you can keep a special vocabulary notebook. Go over the list from time to time. Further, try to use a new word in writing or conversation a few times over the next several days.
Listen to good talks and be alert to new words you hear or to new meanings of words you already know. Then treat them just as you treat the new words you read.
Learn and be alert to the parts of words: prefixes, suffixes and roots. Knowing them enables you to make intelligent guesses about the meaning of words.
If you are studying a foreign language, be alert to words in that language which relate to words in English. English has inherited(继承) or borrowed much of its vocabulary of 500 000～600 000 words from Latin, Greek, French, Spanish and German.
小题1:When you meet a new word in reading, what should you do?

A．Guess its meaning.	B．Ask somebody.
C．Look it up in a dictionary.	D．All of the above.

小题2:According to this passage, the best way to build a good vocabulary is _______.

A．to remember a lot	B．to read a great deal
C．to take part in a lot of good talks	D．both B and C

小题3:The phrase “be alert to” in the third paragraph may best be replaced by “_______”.

A．look at	B．pay attention to
C．write down	D．learn by heart

小题4:In the fourth paragraph, the word “them” refers to _______.

A．the parts of words	B．prefixes
C．suffixes	D．roots

题型：不详难度：| 查看答案