ENew research at Yale University has provided the strongest evidence that humans
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E
New research at Yale University has provided the strongest evidence that humans are evolving（进化）- and suggests that women of the future will be shorter, heavier, and healthier, and will have children for longer.
As medicine has allowed people who would previously have died young to live to childbearing age and beyond, many have assumed that natural selection no longer works on our species. But Prof Stephen Stearns, the evolutionary biologist at Yale University behind the study, says: "That"s just plain false." While survival to reproductive age（生育年龄） is no longer such a barrier（障碍） for humans, other evolutionary pressures – including sexual selection and reproductive fitness – are still working away in full force. If the trends the research detected are representative and continue for another 10 generations, Prof Stearns says that the average woman in 2409AD will be 2cm shorter and 1kg heavier, will bear her first child five months earlier.
Prof Stearns and his team studied the medical histories of 14,000 residents of the Massachusetts town of Framingham, using medical data from a study going back to 1948 and spanning three generations. It looked at 2,238 women past reproductive age – so that they had had all the children they were going to – and tested their height, weight, cholesterol（胆固醇）, blood pressure, and other traits, to see if there was a correlation with the number of children they had borne. It found that shorter, heavier women had more children than lighter, taller ones. Women with lower blood pressure and cholesterol were also more likely to have large families. Women who gave birth early or had a late menopause were likely to have more children as well. More importantly, however, these traits were then passed on to their daughters, who also, on average, had more children.
The study has not determined why these factors are linked to reproductive success, but it is likely that they indicate genetic, rather than environmental, effects. Prof Stearns’ team controlled for other factors, including social and cultural change.
Research suggesting humans are evolving has been carried out before, but this is believed to be the first that directly compares reproductive success of individuals with physiological changes（生理变化）.
72. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Natural selection no longer works on our species, especially the woman.
B. Woman of the future will be shorter, heavier, and healthier, and will have children for longer
C. Some genetic, rather than environmental effects has more influence on the evolvement of the humans.
D. Evolutionary pressures are still working in full force on the evolvement of the humans.
73. Which of the following statements is False about the women’s evolvement according to the research?
A. women will shorter
B. women will be fatter
C. The time for the women to have baby will be longer
D. women will be cleverer
74. Which factor is the most promising related to reproductive success?
A. Genetic B. Social C. Environmental D. Cultural
75. This passage may most likely be taken from .
A. a geography magazine
B. a medicine and technology research journal
C. a daily newspaper
D. an entertainment book |
答案
72—75 BDAB |
解析
| 略 |
举一反三
第二部分阅读理解（共25小题；第一节每小题2分，第二节每小题1分，满分45分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项A、B、C、D中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
The holiday is upon us. Finally, after months of study, you have some time to yourself. So, why not read a book? Well, some people will say, "Why bother with books? We have the Internet and other media that offer a lot more colorful entertainment. Books are history!" But don"t be fooled. I"m sure there"s still a lot to be said for reading.
One clear reason is that a well-chosen book is a wonderful source of vocabulary, so long as you have a good dictionary, of course. Believe me, it"s far easier to get new English words and phrases from a book or an article than it is from the TV or the Internet.
But another more important point is that books give you something that modern media simply can not. The average webpage is picture-heavy and the text is often designed to make it as easy to read as possible. While "easy" may be attractive, unfortunately it"s of little use for any long-term development of reading skills and the general language level. Because of that, there"s still no substitute (替代品) of a book.
But perhaps the best single reason is that simply choosing what you read and doing it independently means that it"s something you do by and for yourself. You can choose what you want to read. It"s hard work, but somewhere down the line, you"ll find that what once seemed like a duty is now a pleasure.
41．How many reasons for reading a book does the author mention in the passage?
A．Three B．Two C．One D．Four
42．According to the passage, we basically need a ____ in reading.
A．television B．pencil C．notebook D．dictionary
43．In the author"s opinion, reading on the Internet may____.
A．develop long-term reading skills B．improve the general language ability
C．not take the place of reading books D．be an effective way of reading
44．The passage is written mainly to ____.
A．share the pleasure of reading books
B．advise readers to read books
C．stress the importance of reading online
D．help readers to choose good books |
B
Forgiving someone who has hurt you or let you down is never an easy thing. Several new studies, however, say that it could have a lot of health benefits. When you think of forgiveness, you probably don’t think of it as being a health or medical problem. Studies from Stanford University, on the other hand, show that something like anger can change your well-being.
When cartoon book characters like the Incredible Hulk get angry, they change colours and often gain special power. In the real world, anger is less obvious and may be more dangerous. That’s why Professor Fred Luskin, founder of the Stanford Forgiveness Project and author of Forgive for Good, says holding on to anger and hatred can harm your physical and mental health. Two new studies seem to show the same idea.
The studies find that people who are able to forgive feel less stress, less back pain, and less depression. They also have fewer headaches, lower blood pressure, and fewer problems on sleeping.
So it doesn’t matter if your anger is caused by the traffic or other things. Learning to let it go is important. Techniques such as deep breath or thought can help. Or just ask yourself if it’s worth hurting yourself by staying angry with someone else.
Forgiveness does not mean that you simply accept what happened and say it’s OK. Instead, it’s a way of making peace with yourself about what happened in the past.
45. The author of the passage tries to make his viewpoint clear ______.
A. by raising his own examples. B. based on his own experience.
C. by mentioning some studies. D. by mentioning some typical patients.
46. The example of the cartoon book characters is taken in the passage to____.
A. support the viewpoint that anger and hatred harm physical and mental health.
B. introduce a famous expert.
C. let the reader know the different colours of cartoon faces.
D. show how to control one’s temper.
47. The underlined phrase “holding on to” in this passage possibly means“__”.
A. removing. B. keeping up. C. getting rid of. D. learning about.
48. The best title for this passage is probably _______.
A. Forgiveness.
B. Forgiveness Is Good for Health.
C. A Secret to Keeping Health.
D. Anger Is Bad for Health. |
第三部分：阅读理解（共16小题；每小题2分，满分32分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
In recent years, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past. New medicine and machines are being developed every day to extend life. However, some people, including some doctors, are not in favor of these life extending measures, and they argue that people should have the right to die when they want. They say that the quality of life is as important as life itself, and that people should not be forced to go on living when the conditions of life have
become unbearable. They say that people should be allowed to die with dignity (尊严) and to decide when they want to die. Others argue that life under any conditions is always to extend life as long as possible. And the battle goes on and on without a definite (明确的) answer.
57. The best title for the passage is ______.
A. The Right to Live B. The Right to Die
C. The Doctor"s Duty D. Death or Life
58. In recent years, people can live longer than in the past because of______.
A. the development of medical technology B. big hospitals
C. good medical workers D. both B and C
59. In the eyes of the law, whether a dying patient has the right to die or not is up to ______.
A. the doctors B. the surroundings
C. the family D, the patient himself/herself
60. According to the writer"s opinion ______.
A. death is better than life B. life is better than death
C. neither death nor life is good D. none of the above |
D
Atoms are all around us. They are the bricks of which everything is made. Many millions of atoms are contained in just one-grain of salt, but despite (尽管) their small size they are very important. The way an everyday object behaves depends on what kinds of atoms are in it and how they act. For example, you know that most solid objects melt if they got hot enough. Why is this? It is the effect of the heat on the object"s atoms. All atoms move constantly. When they are hot, they move faster. Usually the atoms in an object hold together and give the object its shape. But if the object grows hot, its atoms move so fast that they break the force that usually holds them together. They move out of their usual places so that the object loses its shape. Then we say that the object is melting.
69. The way an object behaves depends on the _____ .
A. action of atoms in it B. number of atoms in it
C. kinds of atoms in it and how they behave D. size of atoms in it
70. Atoms in an object move _____ .
A. at all times B. only when the object is heated
C. whenever they grow hot D. unless the object is melted
71. An object holds its shape because its atoms _____ .
A. usually hold together B. move fast
C. are hot D. are not moving
72. An object loses its shape because its atoms _____ .
A. move out B. are not in their usual place
C. lose the force D. break out |
C
On December 22, 1775, two of Washington’s soldiers brought a prisoner to his headquarters (司令部). Washington thanked the soliders, then gave an order that the prisoner was to be left alone and that the soldiers were to shoot if the man tried to escape. But when the door was closed, Washington smiled.
The man standing in front of him was John Honeyman, one of the general’s most trusted men. In early November, Washington had given Honeyman orders to travel with the British army as a servant and to stay with it until he had something to tell. Honeyman now had important information. He described the situation in Trenton, giving the exact number and position of the troops there.Trenton was held by several companies (连队) of Hessians(雇佣军). The Hessians were not English soldiers.They were Germans who had been hired by the British to fight in America. According to Honeyman, the Hessians fought only for money. They had done nothing to build up their defences in Trenton. Now they were busy planning a big Christmas celebration.
Washington immediately made a daring plan. He chose Christmas Day for an attack on Trenton. At ten o’clock next morning, the attack was over. The Americans won a great victory.
64. Why did Washington smile when the door was closed?
A .Because he was glad to catch the prisoner.
B. Because the man was one of his most trusted men.
C. Because he had caught the most dangerous spy.
D. Because he knew the man very well.
65. For what did Washington send Honeyman to stay with the British army?
A. Honeyman could make peace with the Brilhish soldiers .
B. He could let Honeyman have a pleasant trip.
C. He could catch more prisoners from the British army.
D. Honeyman could get important information for American .
66 .Which countries did the war break out between?
A. America and Britain.
B. America and Germany
C.Britain and Gennany
D.Arnerica, Britain and Germany
67. What’s the reason that Washington chose Christmas Day for an attack on Trenton?
A. It could be that it was a lucky day.
B. It might be that it was the best Christmas gift for Britain.
C. It must be that after the day the enemy was to escape.
D. It could be that the enemy would enjoy their holiday but not prepare to fight. |
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