D Among rich countries, people in the United States work the longest hours. They

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D
Among rich countries, people in the United States work the longest hours. They work much longer than in Europe. This difference is quite surprising because productivity per hour worked is the same in the United States as it is in France, Spain and Germany, and it is growing at a similar speed.
In most countries and at most times in history, as people have become richer they have chosen to work less. In other words they have decided to "spend" a part of their extra income on a fuller personal life. Over the last fifty years Europeans have continued this pattern, and hours of work have fallen sharply. But not in the United States. We do not fully know why this is. One reason may be greatly lower taxes in America, which increase the rewards to work. Another may be more satisfying work, or less satisfying personal lives.
Longer hours do of course increase the GDP (国内生产总值). So the United States has produced more per worker than, say, France. The United States also has more of its people at work, while in France many more mothers and older workers have decided to stay at home. The overall result is that American GDP per head is 40% higher than in France, even though productivity per hour worked is the same.
It is not clear which of the two situations is better. As we have seen, work has to be compared with other values like family life, which often get lost in its interest. It is too early to explain the different trends (趋势）in happiness over time in different countries. But it is a disappointing idea that in the United States happiness has made no progress since 1975, while it has risen in Europe. Could this have anything to do with trends in the work-life balance ?
51. From the text we know that the author __________.
A. believes that longer working hours is better
B. prefers shorter working hours to longer ones
C. says nothing certain about which pattern is better
D. thinks neither of the patterns is good
52. Which of the following countries has more of its people at work?
A. Spain.      B. France.    C. Germany.    D. America.
53. In the last paragraph, the underlined word "which" refers to_________.
A. family life B. situations C. other values D. trends
54. What message can we get from the text?
A. The GDP of Europe, is higher than that of America.
B. Two possible reasons are given for working longer hours in the US.
C. People all over the world choose to work less when they are richer.
D. Americans are happier than Europeans.
55. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. Americans and Europeans.              B. Staying at Home.
C. Work and Productivity.                 D. Work and Happiness.

答案

51-55 CDCBD

解析

略

举一反三

阅读下面短文，并根据短文后的要求回答（请注意问题后的字数要求）
[1]China will change the world as much as the world changes China, if the country continues its opening up.
[2]How could it not? The rest of the world cannot remain unaffected by the culture of one-fifth of humanity. As China strengthens its economy, allows its citizens more overseas travel and participates in global efforts, the West surely will learn more about Chinese ways.
[3]And once it does, its people might choose to adot some of them.
[4]It might surprise Chinese that Westerners            . When I announced my Beijing job to American friends, family and neighbors, they were very curious and mostly uninformed about China．
[5] Our media carries little news about China except during unusual circumstances, which typically are times of stress between the two countries．We hear about arguments with China over climate change, Taiwan and Tibet, but that doesn" t tell average Americans anything about average Chinese．
[6]Most American- don"t know that Chinese weddings feature firecrackers; that Chinese parents make extraordinary sacrifices for their children; that Chinese diners eat off plates smaller than any on a Western table; that favorite Chinese drinks include hot soy milk and the potent white-grain alcohol, baijiu; and that elderly Chinese sometimes walk down streets backwards to keep their balancing skills sharp．
[7]Westemers will learn as they and the Chinese increasingly mingle（接触）．As they do there" s no telling which Chirac customs will take root in foreiffl soil．but some of them surely will．
[8] Maybe we" 11 see baijiu and green tea served at baseball stadiums along with beer and soda pop．That wouldn" t make the game any less American．
[9] Meanwhile, I hope China continues to take in what the world has to offer and transform it into something typically Chinese．To think that exposure to Western ways weakens China, instead of strengthens it, assumes the country" s culture is fragile．That" s a surprising attitude for any Chinese to take．
小题1:What does the passage mainly tell us? (within 10 words)

小题2:Fill in the blank in Paragraph 4 with proper words. (within 6 words)

小题3:What an attitude should we Chinese take towards Western culture according to the author? (within 20 words)

小题4:Which sentence in the text is the closest in meaning to the following one?
In that case, some of the Chinese way of life will, possibly, be accepted by the westerners.

小题5:Translate the underlined sentence in Paragraph 7 into Chinese.

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B
China will plan to make new rules to give more controls over the growing number of blogs and webcasts.
Nowadays, advanced network technologies, such as Hogging and webcasting, are being improved to challenge the government’s ability to watch over the Internet.
Chinese government was in the middle of making new rules over Internet publishing, and blogs and websites that publishing webcasts would fall under these rules.
Government officials hope the new rules would ensure a more healthy and active Internet environment and would fully respect and protect Chinese citizens" freedom of speech. Specific details on what kind of rules would be carried out are still unknown to the public.
Despite the growing popularity, bloggers and webcasters have been unpopular with publication institutions.
In 2006, a series of cases involving bloggers who had dived into other people’s privacy and written materials ruining other’s fame urged the government to consider whether to require bloggers to use their real names when they login in.
Webcasting without copyright and illegally “copying" products from copyrighted materials have also led government officials to consider starting a nationwide check of online video broadcasting, and allow only qualified websites to continue offering webcasts.
60．What can be the best title of the passage?
A．The Increases of Blogs and Webcasts.
B．New Rules to Control Internet Publishing.
C．Technologies Challenge the Government.
D．The Popularity of Online Video Broadcasting.
61．Chinese government thinks current Internet environment is ______.
A．quite healthy B．less active C． rather hopeful D．less piloted
62．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Publication institutions are unhappy with bloggers and webcasters.
B．All bloggers and webcasters like to dig out other people’s privacy.
C．Webcasters are quite aware of the copyright issues while online.
D．Copyrighted materials can only be offered to qualified websites.

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E
Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards(外部奖赏), from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (认知学派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, believe that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.
The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary (金钱的) rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed aid inventiveness(创造力), according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology".
"If kids know they"re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it"s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much desire for rewards." A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore
failing grades.
In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
71．Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward _____.
A．the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards
B．the amount of monetary rewards for students" creativity
C．the study of relationship between actions and their consequences
D．the effects of external rewards on students" performance
72．What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students?
A．They have no doubts about them.
B．They have doubts about them.
C．They approve of them.
D．They avoid talking about them.
73．Which of the following can best raise students" creativity according to Robert Eisenberger?
A．Giving them tasks they have not dealt with before.
B．Giving them tasks which require inventiveness.
C．Giving them rewards they really deserve.
D．Giving them rewards they hope for.
74．.It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe ______.
A．rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students
B．punishment is more effective than rewarding
C．failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards
D．discouraging the students" anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency
75．The phrase "token economies" (Sentence 1, Paragraph 5) probably refers to _____.
A．ways to develop economy
B．systems of rewarding students
C．approaches to solving problems
D．methods of improving performance

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第二部分阅读理解（共20小题。每小题2分；满分40分）
第一节阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（ABC和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黒。
A

Long after the 1998 World Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing (裁判) decisions that denied victory to their team. A researcher was appointed to study the performance of some top referees.
The researcher organized an experimental tournament (锦标赛) involving four youth teams. Each match lasted an hour, divided into three periods of 20 minutes during which different referees were in charge.
Observers noted down the referees" errors, of which there were 61 over the tournament. Converted to a standard match of 90 minutes, each referee made almost 23 mistakes, a remarkably high number.
The researcher then studied the videotapes to analyze the matches in detail. Surprisingly, he found that errors were more likely when the referees were close to the incident. When the officials got it right, they were, on average, 17 meters away from the action. The average distance in the case of errors was 12 meters. The research shows the optimum (最佳的) distance is about 20 meters.
There also seemed to be an optimum speed. Correct decisions came when the referees were moving at a speed of about 2 meters per second. The average speed for errors was 4 meters per second.
If FIFA, football"s international ruling body, wants to improve the standard of refereeing at the next World Cup, it should encourage referees to keep their eyes on the action from a distance, rather than rushing to keep up with the ball, the researcher argues.
He also says that FIFA"s insistence that referees should retire at age 45 may be misguided. If keeping up with the action is not so important, their physical condition is less critical.
41. The number of refereeing errors in the experimental matches was _______.
A. slightly above average                            B. higher than in the 1998 World Cup
C. quite unexpected                                   D. as high as in a standard match
42. The findings of the experiment show that _______.
A. errors are more likely when a referee keeps close to the ball
B. the farther the referee is from the incident, the fewer the errors
C. the more slowly the referee runs, the more likely will errors occur
D. errors are less likely when a referee stays in one spot
43. The word "officials" (Line 2, Para. 4) most probably refers to _______.
A. the researchers involved in the experiment
B. the inspectors of the football tournament
C. the referees of the football tournament
D. the observers at the site of the experiment
44. What is one of the possible conclusions of the experiment?
A. The ideal retirement age for an experienced football referee is 45.
B. Age should not be the chief consideration in choosing a football referee.
C. A football referee should be as young and energetic as possible.
D. An experienced football referee can do well even when in poor physical                condition.

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College libraries are designed primarily for research and study. To explain its use, let us choose a research topic and follow the step-by-step procedure of looking up the material for the paper. Suppose your assignment is to write a paper on a novel called “The Sun Also Rises” by American writer Hemingway. The first step is to go to the main catalog. Many small drawers on the large wooden cabinets are lined up in alphabetical(字母的) order. Each of the drawers contains hundreds of alphabetical ordered cards. These cards are printed references to all material available in the library. Title cards are cataloged() by the first word of the book title, leaving out the articles like “a”, “an” and “the”. And then you get the cards for the books you need. On the upper left corner of each card is the call number. This is the numerical code that shows where the book is located in the library. The library has open and closed stacks. If your book is on the open stacks, you can go to the open-stack room, and according to the call number find it out by yourself. There are only about 30,000 books on o pen stacks, while most of the 800,000 books in our library are kept in closed stacks, which are accessible only to teachers and graduate students. For undergraduates like you, borrowing books from the closed stacks have to be done with the help of our librarian. In that case, you must fill out a call slip(纸条) for the book, showing the call number, author and title. You can get call slips on tables near the catalog cabinets. You show your call slip together with your library card to a librarian at the information desk. He or she will help you find the book out in the closed stacks.
53.What is the main purpose of this text?
A. To present readers a brief introduction to a college library.
B. To guide readers how to find books needed in a college library.
C. To tell readers how to fill out a call slip in a college library.
D. To show readers where to find books in a college library.
54.What letter you should look for on the title card for the book “The Old Man and the Sea” by the Hemingway?
A. The letter “t”.           B. The letter “h”.           C. The letter “s”.           D. The letter “o”.
55.How are books arranged and shelved in the library?
A. By call numbers.                                          B. By call slips of authors’ names.
C. In alphabetical order.                             D. By the first word of book title.
56.Suppose you are an undergraduate and you want to borrow a book from the closed stacks, which is the correct order to do it?
a. go to the main catalog                     b. show your call slip and library card
c. find out the call number           d. fill out a call slip
e. get the cards for the books
A.a-b-e-d-c                   B. a-e-c-d-b                  C. b-a-c-d-e                  D. b-c-a-e-d

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