阅读理解。 Decision-thinking is not unlike it often matters not only what you thi
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| 阅读理解。 |
Decision-thinking is not unlike it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think what you think they think you think. The mental process (过程) is similar. Naturally, this card game has often
been of considerable interest to people who are, by any standards, good thinkers.
The great mathematician John von Neumann was one of the founders of game theory. In particular, he
showed that all games fall into two classes; there are what he called games of "perfect information", games like
chess where the players can"t hide anything or play tricks; they don"t win by chance, but by means of logic and
skills. Then there are games of "imperfect information", like poker, in which it is impossible to know in advance
that one course of action is better than another.
One mistaken idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the
reverse Business, life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect information. Business
decisions are often made with many unknown and unknowable factors (因素), best poker players. But few
business people find it comfortable to admit that they are taking a chance, and many still prefer to believe that
they are playing chess, not poker. |
| 1. The subject discussed in this text is ______. |
A. the process of reaching decisions
B. the difference between poker and chess.
C. the secret of making good business plans
D. the value of information in winning games |
| 2. An important factor in a game of imperfect information is _______. |
A. rules
B. luck
C. time
D. ideas |
| 3. Which of the following can be used in place of "Quite the reverse"? |
A. Quite right.
B. True enough.
C. Most unlikely.
D. Just the opposite. |
| 4. In the writer"s opinion, when making business decisions one should _______. |
A. put perfect information before imperfect information
B. accept the existence of unknown factors
C. regard business as a game of chess
D. mix known and unknown factors |
答案
| 1-4: ABDB |
举一反三
| 阅读理解。 |
There are thousands of products of all colors and shapes in a supermarket, making you believe that they
are worth a try. How? Packaging (包装) is the silent but persuading salesman.
There on the shelves, each bottle, can, box, and jar has been carefully designed and measured to speak
to the inner self of the consumer (消费者), so that is buying not only a product but also his belief in life.
Scientists have studied consumer behavior recently and found that the look of the package has a great effect
on the "quality" of the product and on how well it sells, because "Consumers generally cannot tell between a
product and its package. Many products are packages and many packages are products," as Louis Cheskin,
the first social scientist studying consumers" feeling for packaging, noticed.
Colors are one of the best tools in packaging. Studies of eye movement have shown that colors draw
human attention quickly. Take V8 for example. For many years, the bright red color of tomatoes and carrots
on the thin bottle makes you feel that it is very good for your body. And the word "green" today can keep
food prices going up.
Shapes are another attraction. Circles often suggest happiness and peacefulness, because these shapes
are pleasing to both the eye and the heart. That"s why the round yellow M signs of McDonald"s are inviting
to both young and old.
This new consumer response (反应) to the colors and shapes of packages reminds producers and sellers
that people buy to satisfy both body and soul. |
| 1. According to the passage, ______ seems to be able to persuade a consumer to buy the product. |
A. the pleasing color of the package
B. the special taste of the product
C. the strange shape of the package
D. the belief in the product |
| 2. If a package or a product is round in shape, it can ______. |
A. bring excitement to the consumers
B. attract the consumers" attention
C. catch the eye movement of the consumers
D. produce a happy and peaceful feeling |
3. "And the word "green" today can keep food prices going up." This sentence suggests
that consumers today are ______. |
A. starting to notice the importance of new food
B. enjoying the beauty of nature more than before
C. beginning to like green vegetables
D. paying more attention to their healthy |
| 4. It can be inferred from the passage that V8 is a kind of ______. |
A. vegetable dish
B. healthy juice
C. iced drink
D. red vegetable |
| 阅读理解。 |
Thinking is something you choose to do as a fish chooses to live in water. To be human is to think. But
thinking may come naturally without your knowing how you do it. Thinking about drinking is the key to
critical (判断性的) thinking. When you think critically, you take control of your thinking processes (过程).
Otherwise, you might be controlled by the ideas of others. Indeed, critical thinking is at the heart of education.
The word "critical" here has a special meaning. It does not mean taking one view against another view, as
when someone criticizes another person for doing something wrong. The nature of critical thinking is thinking
beyond the easily seen-beyond the pictures on TV, the untrue reports in the newspapers, and the faulty
reasoning.
Critical thinking is an attitude as much as an activity. If you are curious about life and desire to dig deeper
into it, you are a critical thinker. If you find pleasure in deep thinking about different ideas, characters, and
facts, you are a critical thinker.
Activities of the mind and higher-order reasoning are processes of deep and careful consideration. They
take time, and do not go hand in hand with the fast speed in today"s world: fast foods, instant coffee, and
self-developing film. If you are among the people who believe that speed is a measure of intelligence (智力),
you may learn something new from a story about Albert Einstein. The first time Banesh Hoffman, a scientist,
was to discuss his work with Albert Einstein. Hoffman was too nervous to speak. But Einstein immediately
put Hoffman at ease by saying, "Please go slowly. I don"t understand things quickly." |
| 1. Critical thinking is important to us because if we do not think critically, _______. |
A. it will be hard for us to think naturally and fast
B. we might be controlled by other people"s ideas
C. we will follow the ideas of others naturally
D. we might be footed by other people"s ideas |
| 2. If you are a critical thinker, you will _______. |
A. think deeply about different ideas
B. trust the reports in the newspapers
C. take one view against another view
D. criticize other people for their mistakes |
| 3. In the last paragraph, "something new" suggests that ________. |
A. the smarter you are, the faster you do things
B. the faster you do things, the smarter you become
C. speed can improve intelligence
D. intelligence is not decided by speed |
| 4. What would be the best title for the passage? |
A. Thinking and Critical Thinking.
B. Understanding Critical Thinking.
C. Thinking Is Natural and Human.
D. Thinking Fast Means Intelligence. |
| 阅读理解。 |
If you are lost in the mountains, stay calm in the face of darkness, loneliness, and the unknown. It will
greatly increase your chances of survival (生存). Many people think that preparing necessary equipment and
knowing how to use it are very important, but actually eighty percent of mountain survival is your reaction to
fear.
Find a hiding place
Unnecessary labor will make you sweat and make you cold. Find a hiding place around you before trying
to start your own construction. If you are in a snow-covered area, you may be able to dig a cave in deep
snow for protection from the wind. You should try to hide yourself in the middle of the mountain if possible.
Stay out of the valleys-cold air falls, and the valley floor can be the coldest area on the mountain.
Signal rescuers for help
The best time to signal rescuers is during the day. Signal for help from the highest point possible-it will be
easier for rescuers to see you, and any sound you make will travel farther. If you take a box of matches and
a space blanket(a special blanket for traveling), build three smoky fires and put your blanket-gold side facing
out - on the ground.
Do not walk away
It will make finding you more difficult, as search teams will be trying to follow your path and may miss
you if you have gone off in a different direction. Searchers often end up finding a car with no one in it.
If you get frostbite (冻伤), do not rewarm the affected area until you"re out of danger.
You can walk on frostbitten feet, but once you warm the area and can feel the pain, you will not want to
walk anywhere. Try to protect the frostbitten area and keep it dry until you are rescued. |
| 1. When lost in the mountains, you can increase your chances of survival if you _____. |
A. take a space blanket with you
B. do more physical labor
C. try to find a car immediately
D. walk as far as possible to find help |
| 2. According to the passage, people most probably fail to survive if they _____. |
A. do not take enough equipment
B. stay in the middle of the mountain
C. do not keep themselves warm
D. stay in a snow-covered area |
| 3. What can we infer from the passage? |
A. Don"t travel by yourself.
B. Mountain traveling is dangerous.
C. Don"t get frightened in danger.
D. Avoid going to unfamiliar places. |
| 阅读理解。 |
Some children are natural-born bosses. They have a strong need to make decisions, manage their
environment, and lead rather than follow. Stephen Jackson, a Year One student, "operates under the
theory of what"s mine is mine and what"s yours is mine," says his mother."The other day I bought two
new Star Wars light sabers (剑). Later, I saw Stephen with the two new ones while his brogher was
using the beat-up ones."
"Examine the extended family, and you"ll probably find a bossy grandparent, aunt, uncle or cousin
in every generation. It"t an inheritable trait," says Russell Barkley, a professor at the Medical University
of South Carolina. Other children who may not be particularly bossy can bradually gain dominance
(支配地位) when they sense their parents are weak, hesitant, or in disagreement with each other.
Whether it"s inborn nature or developed character at work, too much control in the hands at the
young isn"t healthy for children or the family, Fear is at the root of a lot of bossy behavior, says family
psychologist John Taylor. Children, he says in his book From Defiance to Cooperation, "have secret
feelings of weakness" and "a desire to feel safe." It"s the parents" role to provide that protection.
When a "boss child" doesn"t learn limits at home, the stage is set for a host of troubles outside the
family. The overly willful and unbending child may have trouble obeying teachers or coaches, for
example, or trouble keeping friends. It can be pretty lonely as the top dog if no one likes your bossy
ways.
"I see more and more parents giving up their power," says Barkley, who has studied bossy behavior
for more than 30 years."They bend too far because they don"t want to be as strict as their own parents
were. But they also feel less confident about their parenting skills. Their kids, in turn, feel more anxious." |
| 1. Bossy children like Stephen Jackson _____. |
A. make good decisions
B. show self-centeredness
C. lack care from others
D. have little sense of fear |
| 2. The underlined phrase "inheritable trait" in Paragraph 2 means _____. |
A. inborn nature
B. developed character
C. accepted theory
D. particular environment |
| 3. The study on bossy behavior implies that parents _____. |
A. should give more power to their children
B. should be strict with their children
C. should not be so anxious about their children
D. should not set limits for their children |
| 4. Bossy children may probably become _____. |
A. relaxed
B. skillful
C. hesitant
D. lonely |
| 5. What is the passage mainly about? |
A. How bossy behavior can be controlled.
B. How we can get along with bossy children.
C. What leads to children"s bossy behavior.
D. What effect bossy behavior brings about. |
| 阅读理解。 |
Attitude is an internal (内在的) state that influences the choices of personal action made by the individual
(个人). Some researchers consider that attitudes come from differences between beliefs and ideas; others
believe that attitudes come from emotional states. Here, we focus on the effects of attitudes upon behavior,
that is, upon the choices of action made by the individual.
The kinds of actions taken by human beings are obviously influenced greatly by attitudes. Whether one
listens to classical music or rock, whether one obeys the speed limit while driving, whether one encourages
one"s husband or wife to express his or her own ideas－all are influenced by attitudes. These internal states
are acquired (获得) throughout life from situations one is faced with in the home, in the streets, and in the
school.
Of course, the course of action chosen by an individual in any situation will be largely determined by the
particulars of that situation. An individual who has a strong attitude of obeying laws may drive too fast when
he is in a hurry and no police cars in sight. A child who has a strong attitude of honesty may steal a penny
when she thinks no one will notice, But the internal state which remains unchanged over a period of time,
and which makes the individual behave regularly in a variety of situations, is what is meant by an attitude.
Attitudes are learned in a variety of ways. They can result from single incidents, as when an attitude
toward snakes is acquired by an experience in childhood at the sudden movement of a snake. They can
result from the individual"s experiences of success and pleasure, as when someone acquires a positive
attitude toward doing crossword puzzles by being able to complete some of them, And frequently, they are
learned by copying other people"s behavior, as when a child learns how to behave toward foreigners by
observing the actions of his parents. Regardless of these differences, there is something in common in the
learning and modification (修正)of attitudes. |
| 1. According to the passage, attitudes ____. |
A. come from different situations in one"s life
B. are largely affected by one"s behavior
C. remain unchanged in one"s daily life
D. could be chosen according to one"s will |
| 2. The author uses the examples in Paragraph 3 to show _____. |
A. people often make mistakes when they are not noticed
B. people with good attitudes may sometimes do bad deeds
C. particulars of a situation may influence an individual"s action
D. an individual may change his or her attitude fairly easily |
| 3. Which of the following is TRUE about the learning of attitudes? |
A. Attitudes are only learned through one"s success.
B. Attitudes learned in danger will last longer.
C. Copying others behavior is not a good idea.
D. Attitudes can be learned from one"s parents. |
| 4. What would be the best title for the passage? |
A. Differences of Attitudes.
B. Nature of Attitude.
C. Choices of Attitudes.
D. Modification of Attitude. |
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