什么是及物词组,什么是不及物词组

题目

什么是及物词组,什么是不及物词组

答案

及物词组后面能、而且必须直接加上名词,不及物词组后面不可以直接加名词.
动词
1） 表示动作中状态的词叫做动词.
2） 根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是：实义动词（Notional Verb）、系动词（Link Verb）、助动词（Auxiliary Verb）、情态动词（Modal Verb）.
说明：有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,例如：
We are having a meeting. 我们正在开会. （having是实义动词.）
He has gone to New York. 他已去纽约.
（has是助动词.）
3） 动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是：及物动词（Transitive Verb）、不及物动词（Intransitive Verb）,缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi..
**
英语动词是句子的核心.它既决定着句子意思的表达同时又决定着句子的语法结构.难怪有人说,英语是动词和介词的语言.可见研究动词的用法在英语学习中是十分重要的.
(一、) 分清及物不及物:
分清动词的及物不及物是在英语学习中必须解决的首要问题.动词及物与不及物通常有以下几种情况：
a．主要用作及物动词.及物动词后面必须跟宾语.可以用于："主＋谓＋宾"；"主＋谓＋双宾"；"主＋谓＋宾＋宾补"结构.如：
He reached Paris the day before yesterday.
Please hand me the book over there.
They asked me to go fishing with them.
类似的还有：buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell.
b．主要用作不及物的动词.不及物动词后面不跟宾语.只能用与："主＋谓"结构.
This is the room where I once lived.
类似的还有：agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry, fail, succeed.
c．既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词,其意义不变.如begin 都是作"开始"讲.everybody , our game begins. let us begin our game. 类似的还有：start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve.
d．既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词,其意义完全不同.
这类动词作不及物动词是一个意义；而作及物动词时却是另一个意义.如lift作不及物动词时是指烟雾的"消散".we saw the mountain when the clouds lifted. 作及物动词时是"升高；举起".
He lifted his glass and drank.
类似的还有：beat vi.跳动 vt. 敲、打; grow vi.生长 vt. 种植
play vi.玩耍 vt. 打（牌、球）,演奏 smell vi.发出（气味） vt. 嗅
ring vi.（电话、铃）响vt.打电话 speak vi.讲话 vt. 说（语言）
hang vi. 悬挂 vt. 绞死 operate vi.动手术 vt. 操作
(二、) 辨别表动作与表结果的动词
表动作的动词强调动作的发生,不涉及该动词的结果.如：
He looked at the picture. He saw a picture .
前一句中的动词强调"看"这一动作；而后一句中的动词表示"看到"这一结果.类似的还有：tear at; tear, look for; find, try to do sth.; manage to do sth., prepare for; be prepared for, advise; persuade 等.
(三、) 记住瞬间动词
英语中不少动词所表示的动作在瞬间就可以完成．如：
He arrived in paris yesterday.
而另一些动词所表示的动作则可以延续．如：
They worked until 12 o'clock last night.
特别是在现在完成时态的句子中,瞬间动词的完成时态不能跟表示一段时间的时间状语连用.瞬间动词有：arrive, borrow, buy, close, fall, finish, go, join, kill, hit, leave, lend, die, marry, open, reach, return, start, stop, recognize.等.
(四、) 掌握好表状态的连系动词与表变化的连系动词
英语中的连系动词主要分为两大类：
a．表状态的连系动词.如：he is a good worker. 除了be 而外,还有：stand(位于),lie(位于),stay, have, consist of, belong to, exist, weigh, own.等.
b．另一类连系动词表示动作或变化,是由行为动词转化而来的.一般在这些连系动词后跟形容词作表语如：his hair grows grey. 这类连系动词还有: turn, become, taste, smell, sound, look, feel, get...等.
(五、) 注意词义相近,用法不同的动词
a．表主观与客观的动词
I received his invitation last night, but i didn't want to accept it.
该句中,动词receive, accept 都表示"接受"但前者表示客观地接收到什么东西；后者表示 "I" 的主观意愿.类似用法的动词还有：listen to; hear, look at; see, must; have to等.
b．表直接与间接的动词
He heard that the scientist would come to our school.
He heard of the news that the scientist would come to our school.
前句中hear的表示直接听说的,而后一句中hear of 的表示间接听说的.类似用法的动词还有：know; know of, speak; speak of, talk; talk of等.
(六、) 重视多字动词的用法
所谓多字动词是指动词与某些副词、介词构成的动词词组.一般有四种形式：
a．"动词+介词"结构. 该结构中的动词是不及物动词,当和一些介词搭配后,则把它看成一个整体,即把它看成一个及物动词.如：
We never thought of such success when we first started.
类似用法的还有：agree to, ask for, attention to, break into, call upon, deal with, laugh at, dream of, listen to, look at, operate on, talk about, rely on, refer to...
b．"动词+副词"结构.该结构中的动词是及物动词的,该结构及物；是不及物的,则不及物.如：
We put off the sports meet.
After he grew up, he went to london to work for a company.
类似用法的还有: bring about, bring up, call up, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, help out, look up, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put down, put away, put down, put off, put on, ring up, set up, take up, think over, turn down, use up, work out..., wake up, shut up, come about, break out, carry on, come up, fall over, get away, get back, look out, go up, go out, stay up.
在这类结构中,必须注意有的多字动词即及物又可不及物.有的甚至汉语意义也完全不相同.如：
He looked up and saw his teacher in front of him. (vi. 抬起头看)
He looked up the word in the dictionary. (vt. 查找)
类似的有break down vi.（车等）坏了 vt. 分解,分为 ;
go over vi. 走过去 vt. 复习,仔细查看等.
c．"动词+副词+介词"结构.如：
We should do away with that sort of thing.
类似的有：give in to, catch up with, look down upon, make up for, put up with.
d．"动词+名词+介词"结构.该结构是最多,最常见的多字动词.如：
We will take care of them.
类似的有：catch sight of, keep an eye on, make use of, make a fool of, make fun of, make room for, make sure of, knock out of, have a word with, pay attention to, put an end to, set fire to, take advantage of, take hold of, take note of, take notice of, take part in, take pride in, take possession of, play a trick on, play a part in.
****
说明：同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词.例如：
She can dance and sing.
她能唱歌又能跳舞.（sing在此用作不及物动词.）
She can sing many English songs.
她能唱好多首英文歌曲.（sing用作及物动词.）
4） 根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是：限定动词（Finite Verb）、非限定动词（Non-finite Verb）例如：
She sings very well.
她唱得很好.（sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings.）
She wants to learn English well.
她想学好英语.（to learn不受主语she的限制,没有词形变化,是非限定动词.
说明：英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是：动词不定式（Infinitive）、动名词（Gerund）、分词（Participle）.
5) 根据动词的组成形式,可分为三类,分别是：单字词（One-Word Verb）、短语动词（Phrasal Verb）、动词短语（Verbal Phrase）例如：
The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.
英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语.（contains是单字动词.）
Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.
学生们学会查字典.（look up是短语动词.）
The young ought to take care of the old.
年轻人应照料老人.（take care of是动词短语.）
6）动词有五种形态,分别是：原形（Original Form）、第三人称单数形式（Singular From in Third Personal）、过去式（Past Form）、过去分词（Past Participle）、现在分词（Present Participle）.
7) 及物动词不需要介词
在英语错误中,"及物动词＋介词＋宾语"（transitive verb+preposition+object）,是常见的一种.所谓及物动词,就是谓语动词（predicative verb）,不必通过介词引荐宾语.相反的,不及物动词（intransitive verb）是不带宾语的.有许多动词,虽然性质是及物的,但不一定要有宾语,如下列的①a和②a便是这种情形：
①a. We study every day.
b. Do you study English every day.
②a. Please write clearly next time.
b. Can you write your composition now?
如果本质上就是不及物动词,就不会有宾语；若要宾语,就要借介词之助,一起连用才行,如③b和④b;③a和④a是错的；
*③a. The children are listening the music.
b. The children are listening to the music.
*④a. She is laughing the crippled man.
b. She is laughing at the crippled man.
反之,及物动词不必靠介词,就可以带宾语,如上述的①b和②b ,又如⑤和 ⑥：
⑤ John is giving a book to me.
⑥ Who will answer this question?
如果无意中把介词加上,就错了,如：
*⑦ Who will answer to this question?
下列这句从房地产广告中看到的句子,也犯了同样的错：
"We have many buyers awaiting for available units here."
"Awaiting"是个及物动词,后面的介词"for"是多余的,要去掉；不然把"awaiting"改为"waiting for"也行.
许多人习惯上喜欢把介词加到及物动词后面,然后才带出宾语.最常见的是"emphasize/stress on/upon"和"discuss about",如：
⑧ Singaporeans seem to have emphasized on material gains.
⑨ In our education system, we stress upon examination results.
⑩ World leaders spent a lot of time discussing about worsening economic problems.
显然的,这三句里的介词"on/upon"和"about"是多余的,不必要的.
下面是些类似的错误：
● The young must obey to their elders.
● Do not approach to that odd-looking man.
● The audience attacked on the rude speaker.
● Nothing can escape from his parents' eyes.
● Do you hope to serve for your nation?
● When did Susan marry with Paul?
介词"to, on, from, for, with"都要去掉才对.
为什么会有这些错误呢?主因是分不清楚及物动词和不及物动词的性质.其次,就是对同一个动词及其名词的句型有些混淆.解决之道有二.第一,要把"及物动词＋宾语"和"不及物动词＋介词＋宾语"划分清楚,如：
I did not answer him./ I did not reply to him.
He reached Londan yesterday./ He arrived in London yesterday.
第二,把及物动词转化为名词,然后加上适当的介词和宾语,如：
Don't approach such a person.
Is oral practice a good approach to language teaching?