Decisions, decisions! Our lives are full of them, from the small ones to the lif

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Decisions, decisions! Our lives are full of them, from the small ones to the life-changing. The right to choose is central to everyone. Yet sometimes we make bad decisions that leave us unhappy or full of regret. Can science help?
Most of us know little about the mental processes that lie behind our decisions. Luckily, what psychologists(心理学家)are finding may help us all make better choices. Here are some of their amazing discoveries to help you make up your mind.
Consider your emotions. You might think that emotions are the enemy of decision making, but in fact they are a part of it. Whenever you make up your mind, your brain’s emotional centre is active. University of Southern California scientist, Antonio Damasia, has studied people with damage to only the emotional parts of their brains , and found that they were unable to make basic choices about what to wear or eat. Damasia thinks this may be because our brains store emotional memories of past choice, which we use to help the present decision-making.
However, making choices under the influence of an emotion can greatly affect the result. Take anger, for example. A study by Nitika Garg of the University of Mississippi and other scientists found the angry shoppers were more likely to choose the first thing they were offered rather than considering other choices. It seems that anger can lead us to make quick decisions without much thinking.
All emotions affect our thinking and motivation（动机），so it may be best to avoid making important decisions under their influence. Yet strangely there is one emotion that seems to help us make good choices. The American researchers found that sad people took time to consider the various choices on offer, and ended up making the best choices. In fact many studies show that people who feel unhappy have the most reasonable view of the world.
小题1:According to the text, what may help us make better decisions?

A．To think about happy times.

B．To make many decisions at a time.

C．To stop feeling regretful about the past.

D．To learn about the process of decision-making.

小题2:What does the underlined word “central” mean?

A．中心的

B．中央的

C．起决定作用的

D．后悔的

小题3:Damasia’s study suggests that ________.

A．emotions are the enemy of decision making.

B．our brain has nothing to do with decision making.

C．people with physical damage find it hard to make up their minds.

D．our emotional memories of past choices can affect present decisions.

小题4:Why are angry shoppers more likely to choose the first thing they are offered?

A．They often forget their past choices.

B．They make decisions without much thinking.

C．They tend to save time when shopping.

D．They are too angry to bargain.

小题5:What do we learn from the text?

A．Emotions are a part of decision-making.

B．Sad people always make worse choices.

C．No emotion seems to help us make good choices.

D．Only sad feeling affect our thinking and motivation.

答案

小题1:D
小题2:B
小题3:B
小题4:B
小题5:A

解析

试题分析：本文叙述了影响我们做决定的因素。心理学家认为心理思考的过程可能帮助我们做出更好的决定。研究表明人的大脑对要穿什么和吃什么不能做出基本的决定。情绪对做决定的影响只是一部分，但是在某种情绪的影响下做出的决定会影响结果，因此我们要避免在他们的影响下做出决定。
小题1:细节理解题。根据Most of us know little about the mental processes that lie behind our decisions. Luckily, what psychologists(心理学家)are finding may help us all make better choices.可知心理学家认为心理思考的过程可能帮助我们做出更好的决定。故选D。
小题2:词义猜测题。根据Our lives are full of them, from the small ones to the life-changing.可知我们的生活中充满选择，因此选择是每个人生活的重要东西，是核心，故选B。
小题3:推理判断题。根据University of Southern California scientist, Antonio Damasia, has studied people with damage to only the emotional parts of their brains , and found that they were unable to make basic choices about what to wear or eat.可知Damasia的研究表明人的大脑对要穿什么和吃什么不能做出基本的决定。故选B。
小题4:细节理解题。根据It seems that anger can lead us to make quick decisions without much thinking.可知愤怒使我们不会思考很多就很快作出决定，故选B。
小题5:细节理解题。根据You might think that emotions are the enemy of decision making, but in fact they are a part of it.可知情绪对做决定的影响只是一部分。故选A。

举一反三

How green are you? Do you care about protecting the environment and saving energy? We all need a healthy environment, but we produce waste every day and it does harm to our environment. Though we are young, we can still do something to help. In fact, even the simplest everyday activities can make a real difference to the environment. Here are some ideas for you. Remember these three words: Reduce, reuse and recycle.
REDUCE
Reduce means “use less.” Don’t waste things. This saves money and reduces pollution and waste going into the environment. Before we buy something new, think whether it is really necessary--- or maybe the old one will be just as good! When we do buy things, choose local produces if possible, and try not to buy too many things form abroad. It may cost a lot of money to bring them to us.
REUSE
Reuse means “use again.” Use things for as long as possible. When we buy things, make sure that they last a long time. We should look after them so that they will last, and we should repair them if we can instead of throwing them away and buying new ones. Don’t use a paper cup or a paper bag. It’s better to use a china cup and a lunch box because you can use them again.
RECYCLE
Recycle means “change things into something else.” Although it takes energy to change something into something else, it’s better than throwing things away or burning them. Find out what can be recycled in your neighbourhood and take part in recycling programmes. We should also buy products made from recycled materials, such as recycled paper, to help save trees.
小题1:Why is it better to choose local products if possible?

A．Things from abroad do harm to our environment

B．Local products are much cheaper

C．To choose local products means that we love our country

D．Things from abroad aren’t necessary

小题2:According to the passage, when we find our clothes are out of fashion, what should we do?

A．Throw them away

B．If they are still suitable, keep them

C．Clean the floor with them

D．Give them to others and buy new ones

小题3:What is the helpful activity in our daily life?

A．To shop with plastic bags

B．To use paper cups

C．To collect old newspapers

D．To burn fallen leaves

小题4:According to the passage, which of the following is RIGHT?

A．We should learn to grow vegetables

B．People mustn’t produce waste any more

C．Children are too young to do anything to save energy.

D．The simplest everyday activities are important to protect our world.

小题5:Which of the following is WRONG according to this passage?

A．Always buy new things and throw away old ones

B．Use china cups instead of paper cups

C．Recycle something that can be recycled

D．Think first when we want to buy something

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Smoking is bad for our health. Every year       people get sick because of smoking. Some even die because of       .
It’s quite dangerous for us to smoke .Smokers only want to try it at       . But they smoke more and more, and when they want to give it up, they can’t .The habit is so       that smokers find it very hard to give up. Some people have got cancer .Some of them lost their lives.      likes to stay together with smokers because the smoke is       for others.
Since smoking is so harmful, smokers should       the bad habit. You can try changing it little by little. When you want to smoke,       some fruit or snacks. You can also do some       things to make you     something else.
Please give up smoking for your and your family’s health.
小题1:A . much      B. many       C. few
小题2:A. him        B. them       C. it
小题3:A. last        B. once        C. first
小题4:A. strong      B. weak        C. long
小题5:A. Everyone    B. Someone    C. Nobody
小题6:A. necessary    B. bad        C. useful
小题7:A. stop        B. take off      C. put off
小题8:A. eat         B. drink        C. send
小题9:A. another     B. other        C. others
小题10:A. think of    B. remind of     C. recalling

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The sun is a huge, hot and bright star. It is important because without it there would be no life on the earth. The sun gives us light and heat.
All living things depend on the sun for their growth. Plants need light and heat to grow. They use the light from the sun to make food. But we human beings cannot make food by our own bodies from the sun. All the food we eat comes from plants in a food chain(链) . And the food chain starts with the sun . For example.

sun —→

potatoes —→

chips

sun —→

corn —→

hens —→

eggs

sun—→

wheat —→

bread
Animals need sunlight, too. Just like us, their food comes from plants in food chain, which begins with the sun. For example,
Sun → leaf → caterpilllar(毛虫) → bird
Sun → seaweed(海藻) → small fish → whale(鲸)
With the help of sunlight, we can see things during the day. Even when the sky is cloudy, the sunlight is very strong and it shines through the clouds. If there was no sun, it would be dark all the time.
小题1:The sun is a           star.
A. huge, cold and bright        B. huge, hot and bright       C. small, warm and bright
小题2:What are the two main things the sun gives us?
A. Light and heat.             B. Heat and eggs.           C. Corn and light.
小题3:From the passage we learn that         .
A. when the sky is cloudy, there is no sunlight at all
B. without the sun there will be no life on the earth
C. we human beings can make food by our own bodies
小题4:All the food we eat comes from          in a food chain. And the food chain stars with the         .
A. plants; earth       B. plants; sun            C. animals; star
小题5:Which is the best title (标题) for this passage?
A. Plants need heat and light to grow
B. All living things depend on the sun for their growth
C. The sun is very important

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Our factories and homes burn coal and oil. Every year we have forest fires somewhere. Many scientists believe that the climate is changing.
The earth will perhaps be warmer by about 7 degrees centigrade. At the South Pole and the North Pole, the ice will melt (融化). The sea level (海平面) will rise by about 7meters. As a result, water will cover cities like London, Tokyo and New York. Some ports and towns along the coasts will disappear under water.
Some other scientists think that the dust, smoke and pollution from coal, wood and oil fires will block out the sunrays(紫外线). Then the earth will become colder and great sheets of ice will cover Europe and North America.
When chemicals in the air mix with rain, we have acid (酸) rain. Acid rain can bring us great harm. It destroys forests and kills life in lakes and rivers.
People are beginning to see how serious the problem is. They find it important to work with nature instead of against it. They are trying to save the earth in many different ways. But one of the most important things to do is to make people understand that saving the earth is saving ourselves.
小题1:Some scientists believe that          .
A. the earth is growing warmer
B. we can find oil in our forests
C. we have to burn down the forests every year
小题2:Ice at the poles will          if the earth gets warmer.
A. cover cities like London and Tokyo
B. raise the sea level by 7 degrees
C. become water and make the sea level rise
小题3:Acid rain          .
A. brings great changes in our climate
B. kills pests in lakes and forests
C. kills the fish in rivers and lakes
小题4:What can we learn from the third paragraph?
A. The dust together with pollution from coal, wood and oil fires will bring us more heat from the sun.
B. The sunrays will come more because of the dust and pollution from fires.
C. As a result of the dust and pollution from coal, wood and oil fires, the earth will become colder.
小题5:Which statement is TRUE?
A. People have come to know the importance of working with nature.
B. All the scientists agree that our earth is sure to become warmer and warmer.
C. The sea level will rise if the earth gets colder.

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Do you worry about exam? How would you feel if you had the entrance exam to senior high school(中考)tomorrow? “I was surprised at __ I could get angry so easily with my parents before a big exam,” said Junior 3 student Wang Yangqian from Hefei, “I couldn’t ____ even after I’d been in bed for two hours.”
Not only exams but also other things, __ a big game, can also make you a bit__ from how you usually are.
You may be acting differently ___ you are stressed out. Stress is what you __ when you are worried or uncomfortable about something. Usually your hands get wet and your __ beats faster. You feel stressed because you might ask too much of yourself sometimes. Or, your parents, teachers or classmates put too much ____ on you. This can make you worried. But being stressed is not always a big ____. Everybody, even sports stars, can get a little worried before a big game.
Some kinds of stress are good. Good stress might show up when you’re called on in class or when you have to give a report. This kind of stress can__ you get things done. You may do a __ job in your book report if the anxiety pushes you to do more work before you read it to the class. Sometimes stress can turn into something ___ if you keep having stressful feeling over a long time. This kind of stress isn’t going to help you. It can make you ___. You may have trouble __ attention at school and forget things easily
So, remember to stay relaxed. It won’t be the __ of the world, even if you don’t pass the exam.

小题1:

A．when

B．where

C．how

D．what

小题2:

A．do my homework	B．solve problems
C．stop working	D．fall asleep

小题3:

A．as

B．like

C．and

D．such

小题4:

A．angry

B．different

C．anxious

D．the same

小题5:

A．so

B．why

C．how

D．because

小题6:

A．feel

B．look

C．sound

D．seem

小题7:

A．head

B．heart

C．breath

D．friends

小题8:

A．homework

B．lessons

C．hopes

D．pressure

小题9:

A．problem

B．questions

C．courage

D．mistake

小题10:

A．allow

B．ask

C．order

D．help

小题11:

A．worse

B．better

C．harder

D．fewer

小题12:

A．helpful

B．bad

C．wonderful

D．useful

小题13:

A．happy

B．comfortable

C．sick

D．strong

小题14:

A．making

B．finding

C．paying

D．showing

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