China_is_going_green. In order to reduce air pollution and oilshortages, automo
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China_is_going_green. In order to reduce air pollution and oilshortages, automobile manufacturers have announced their plans to develop hybrid vehicles (混合燃料汽车) for the Chinese market. Toyota"s hybrid car Prius will be ready to drive in China this week. Let"s have a look at the new car.
Any vehicle is a hybrid when it combines two or more sources of power. Hybrid cars run off a rechargeable battery and gasoline. Hybrid cars have special engines, which are smaller than traditional gasoline engines. They run at 99 percent of their power when the car is cruising (匀速行驶). A specially designed battery motor provides extra power for running up hills or when extra acceleration is needed.
Step into a Prius, and turn on the engine. The first thing you notice is how much quieter it is than a traditional car. At this point, the car"s gasoline engine is dormant (休眠). The electric motor will provide power until the car reaches about 24 km/h. If you stay at a low speed, you are effectively driving an electric car, with no gasoline being used, and no waste gas gives off.
The onboard(车载的) computer makes the decision about when to use a gas engine, when to go electric, and when to use a combination of the two. If you go over 24 km/h, when you step on the gas pedal (油门), you are actually telling the computer how fast you want to go.
The electronic motor recharges automatically using a set of batteries. When driving at high speed, the gasoline engine not only powers the car, but also charges the batteries. Any time you use the brake, the electric motor in the wheels will work like a generator and produce electricity to recharge the batteries. As a consequence, the car"s batteries will last for around 200,000 miles.
小题1:The author writes this passage mainly to________.| A．teach people how to drive a hybrid car | | B．introduce a new kind of “green” car | | C．show how to save their gasoline when driving a car | | D．announce plans to develop hybrid vehicles for China |
小题2:The first sentence probably refers to ________.| A．there will be more and more green land in China | | B．China is still young and lacking experience | | C．China"s new cars are combinations of different green models | | D．China has started producing environmentally friendly cars |
小题3:Which of the followings is NOT true?| A．The hybrid cars reduce air pollution and oilshortages. | | B．The car"s gasoline engine doesn"t work until it reaches about 24 km/h. | | C．This kind of car is completely controlled by an onboard computer. | | D．A specially designed battery motor provides extra power when needed. |
小题4:What is the most important feature of hybrid cars?| A．They are powered by both a rechargeable battery and gasoline. | | B．They are much quieter than traditional cars. | | C．They only use 99 percent of their power to run up hills. | | D．They have smaller engines than traditional gasoline ones. |
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答案
小题1:B
小题2:D
小题3:C
小题4:A |
解析
试题分析：本文叙述了为了减少空气污染和石油短缺,汽车制造商已经宣布他们计划开发混合动力汽车来进入中国市场，中国现在对环境问题非常重视，通过生产环保型汽车改善环境。
小题1:主旨大意题。根据通读全文可知，作者想要介绍一种新型环保的汽车。B
小题2:句意理解题。通过阅读第一段可以知道，中国现在对环境问题非常重视，通过生产环保型汽车改善环境。故选D。
小题3:细节理解题。由第二、三、四段可得出答案。故选C。
小题4:细节理解题。根据Any vehicle is a hybrid when it combines two or more sources of power. Hybrid cars run off a rechargeable battery and gasoline. 可知应选A。
点评：要求考生从中选出最能概括文章主旨思想的一项作为正确答案。主旨大意题的干扰项（错误选项）有3种：
（1） 概括范围太窄，只表达局部信息或某一细节，不能概括整篇文章的主旨大意。（2） 概括范围太宽，所表达的内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容。（3） 无关信息：即文章中未提到、或找不到语言依据的信息。 |
举一反三
The fourth round of heavy smog to hit Beijing in four weeks has sent more people to the hospital with respiratory（呼吸的） illnesses and led to calls for laws to control the pollution.
Pan Shiyi, a celebrity real estate developer said he is planning to propose (提案) a Clean Air Act to the local government. As a representative to the Beijing Municipal People"s Congress, he started an online survey at 9:20 a.m. Within three hours, more than 25,000 web users, or 99 percent of total respondents（应答者）, welcomed his proposal on Sina Weibo, China"s Twitter.
They have good reasons to stand alongside Pan. The latest round of haze（雾霾）reduced visibility to under 500 meters in many parts of the city. The smog has also led to a great increase in respiratory illnesses, particularly among children and the elderly. Anxious parents and doctors almost all blame the smoggy air for the illnesses. Though most schoolchildren are home for the winter holidays, the bad air can easily move indoors. Besides, ordinary medical masks fail to provide adequate protection, so some people have turned to gas masks and respirators（呼吸器）.
The causes of the scary smog are rather mysterious, though experts blame excessive emissions and the mountains around Beijing that trap pollution in winter, unless there is adequate wind to clear it away. Some critics have pointed fingers at China’s top two oil firms, China National Petroleum Corp and China Petrochemical Corporation, saying the companies’ outdated production technologies produce large quantities of substandard, high-polluting gas fuel.
Meanwhile, concerned Beijingers have moved their brainstorming sessions to cyberspace. If Pan’s proposal for a Clean Air Act is adopted, netizens say the new law should include items providing for “car-free days” in times of smog, higher standards for vehicle fuel, stricter restrictions on industrial and exhaust gas emissions, and more effective protection for the public.
Beijing is not the only city that has ever lost the blue sky. Five days of thick fog caused thousands of deaths in Britain in December 1952, urging the government to pass the first Clean Air Act in 1956, which introduced smokeless zones and cleaner fuels to reduce pollution. That may provide some experience for Beijing to refer to.
小题1:What can we learn from the passage?| A．People are clear about the causes of the smoggy weather. | | B．Children staying indoors will not get respiratory illnesses. | | C．Smog is worse for people with lower resistance to diseases. | | D．Masks can give people protection against the smoggy weather. |
小题2:Britain is mentioned in the last paragraph to ______.| A．suggest Beijing should learn from other countries | | B．let people know many places have this problem | | C．tell people the situation in Britain is worse | | D．call on the government to pass Britain’s Clean Air Act |
小题3:What’s the best title for this passage？| A．The Use of Gas masks and Respirators | | B．Beijingers Call for Clean Air Act | | C．Effective Protection for Blue Sky | | D．The Mysterious Causes of the Scary Smog |
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My son loves video games very much. He spends hours every day playing video games in his room. Is there any redeeming（补偿的）educational value to video games? Some seem like they could help him learn strategy. But I worry others may be too violent or numb（使麻木）his mind.
Cecilia
Some games may improve kids’ hand-eye coordination and problem-solving skills. Games that require kids to actually move or manipulate（操纵）the game through their own physical movement can even get sedentary kids moving, though not as much as they could if they actually played outside or participated in sports or other outdoor acuities. Others, though, don’t have such benefits, and violent video games have been shown that they might increase kid’s aggressive behavior.
Like a lot of aspects of raising kids, when it comes to video games, the healthiest approach is actually self-control.
The American academy of Pediatrics(AAP) recommends that kids should spend no more than 2 hours each day on screen time, including watching TV or movies, or playing computer or video games. So consider setting limits at least that strict to keep game playing from affecting their schoolwork, household responsibilities, and the physical activity your son needs very day.
Make sure that he’s playing games which are suitable for his age group. All video games are rated and labeled by the Entertainment Software Rating Board. Steer clear of（避开）any rated “M” for mature. Those are for ages 17 and older and can contain heavy-duty violence, strong language, and sexual content.
Try to keep the video game console（游戏机控制板）in a common area of the house, not your son’s room. That way you can catch any inappropriate content in the games he’s playing, and he’ll be in a position to interact with others in the house while he’s playing.
Make sure your son has appealing alternatives, too, such as sports, activities, opportunities to socialize with peers; and downtime to be creative. If you continue to have concerns about his video game activity, talk with your doctor.
Reviewed by：Mary L. Gavin, MD
小题1:What is the opinion of Mary L. Gavin about playing video games?| A．Whether it’s beneficial or harmful depends on what the video games are. | | B．It always improves kids’ hand-eye coordination and problem-solving skills. | | C．It will make kids more violent and increase their aggressive behavior. | | D．Kids should give it up and put their hearts fully into their schoolwork. |
小题2:The underlined word “sedentary” in the first paragraph of the answer letter is the nearest in meaning to “______”.| A．unhealthy | B．lively | C．bright | D．inactive |
小题3:According to Mary L. Gavin, which of the following is encouraged to do by parents?| A．Keep the video game console out of their house. | | B．Allow their children to play only such video games as rated “M” | | C．Let kids play video games as much as possible if it doesn’t affect their lessons. | | D．Help their children develop other healthy hobbies such as sports and painting. |
小题4:Which is the best title of this passage?| A．Should children play video games? | | B．Kids’ playing video games is harmful. | | C．Is playing video games good for kids? | | D．Help children choose video games. |
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For some reason, it takes constant reminders that we primates（灵长目）need nurturing.
In a recent study of 46 baby chimpanzee（黑猩猩）orphans, Kim Bard of the University of Portsmouth in England and her colleagues demonstrated that primate babies that have tight relationships with mother figures do much better on cognitive（认知）tests than babies who receive only food, shelter, and friendship with peers. But this is not breaking mews. In fact, it’s old news.
In the 1950s, Harry Harlow conducted a series of experiments with baby monkeys that showed, without doubt, that lack of love and comfort makes for a crazy monkey.
Harlow constructed a cage that included a wire monkey “mother” topped with a plastic face. In this wire he fixed Mom with a milk bottle. The cage also held another wire mother covered with terry cloth. The baby monkeys spent all their time with the cloth mother and only went to the wire mother to feed, demonstrating that a soft touch beat something to eat any day.
Harlow’s monkey work was important because, at the time, child care “experts” and everybody’s grandmother had a “no touch, no comfort” policy toward children. They advised parents not to respond to crying babies, felt babies should sleep alone to grow up independent, and for God’s sake put those kids down. But Harlow’s work changed all that. Mothers were soon permitted to have their newborns next to them in the hospital.
The current chimp research based on Harlow’s work shows that mother love not only makes for a psychologically well-adjusted child, but also makes for a smart kid. Bard and her colleagues evaluated the abilities of the chimps when they were 12 months old with standard human tests for children of that age, tests that ask little kids to imitate some action.
The highly raised chimps did better than the ones that were not loved, and what do you know, the well-raised chimps did even better than human kids on this small IQ test.
So we hear it once again. We are primates, social animals which need care and love. We need to be held and talked to and made to feel that at least one person wants to be with us all the time. And if we get that kind of connection, we are sure to be fine, even better than fine.
小题1:The study Kim Bard and his colleagues did ______.| A．included 46 baby and mother monkeys | | B．was nothing new to people about the findings | | C．showed that many chimpanzees lacked love when they were young | | D．showed that many chimpanzees had good relationships with their mothers |
小题2:Why was Harlow’s monkey work important?| A．Because the “no touch, no comfort” policy toward children was quite right. | | B．Because parents were advised not to respond to babies’ crying. | | C．Because Harlow’s work changed people’s former belief in child care. | | D．Because mothers were not allowed to have their newborns next to them in the hospital. |
小题3:Harlow built two “mothers” for baby monkeys to ______.| A．make them live comfortably | B．let them have more choices | | C．give them more love | D．make a comparison |
小题4:Which of the following is TURE according to the text?| A．Well-raised chimps always do even better than human kids. | | B．A 12-month chimps is far cleverer than a child of that age. | | C．The newborns were not allowed to be with their mothers in the past in the hospital. | | D．Constantly touching the baby can make it feel safer. |
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Scientists have transformed men’s minds into a virtual（虚拟的）woman’s body in an experiment that could throw light upon how humans distinguish themselves form others.
In a study at Barcelona University, men wore a virtual reality headset that allowed them to see and hear the world as a female character. When they looked down, they could even see their new body and clothes.
The “body－swapping” effect was so convincing that the men’s sense of self was transferred into the virtual woman, causing them to react to events in the virtual world they were immersed（沉浸）. “This work opens up another avenue for virtual reality, which is not just to transform your sense of place, but also your sense of self,” said Mel Slater, “If you can temporarily give people the illusion that their bodies are different, then the evidence suggests it also affects their behavior and the way they think. They can have new experiences: a person who is thin can know what it is like to be fat. A man can have an experience of what it’s like to be a woman.”
During the experiment, a “female” approached and hit the face of the character another man was playing. “Their reaction was immediate,” said Slate. “They would take in a quick breath and maybe flinch（退缩）. The more people reported being in the girl’s body, the stronger physical reaction they had.” But in all cases, the feeling was temporary and lasted only as long as the study.
The study shows that our minds have a very fluid picture of our bodies. The research is expected to shed light on the puzzle of how our brain tells the difference between a part of our own body and something else in the wider world. Thus the work might improve the conditions for those who have experienced strokes by placing them in a world that helps them to use their bodies to the full again.
小题1:How can a man’s mind get into a woman’s body?| A．by distinguishing themselves from women | | B．by taking part in an activity actively | | C．by wearing a special device（设备） | | D．by transforming his sense of place |
小题2:Of the following statements, which we can’t infer from the passage?| A．Men in the experiment can temporarily have the wrong feeling that they are women. | | B．When hit, the men in the virtual world will react angrily to it. | | C．As soon as the experiment is finished, the men will return to the normal state | | D．Probably, this study can be applied to medical fields and benefit humans. |
小题3:What is the author’s intention of writing this passage?| A．to introduce an interesting and advanced study | | B．to inform us of the latest development of virtual reality | | C．to illustrate the importance of virtual reality | | D．to build up our confidence to fight stroke |
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An astronomer is making a case for launching pop singer Justin Bieber into suborbital（亚轨道的）space aboard a private rocket ship. The idea is not to rid the world of the Canadian teenager — he would come back down to Earth eventually, after all — but rather to help jump-start the emerging suborbital spaceflight industry.
It would generate a lot of public interest, which would help commercial spaceflight pick up some much-needed momentum, said Seth Shostak, senior astronomer at the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) Institute in Mountain View, California. “If there’s more interest, there are more customers. If there are more customers, there"s more technical development. It"s a positive feedback loop, and obviously that"s good.”
Such missions would return to Earth without completing a full lap around the planet. Instead, the flights would hit the edge of space about 62 miles (100 kilometers) above Earth, experience a few minutes of weightlessness, then re-enter the atmosphere and land back at a spaceport.
None of these firms are ready to fly customers yet, but some are getting close. For instance, Virgin Galactic hopes to begin powered test flights of its SpaceShipTwo vehicle later this year, with commercial operations perhaps beginning in 2013 or 2014. It is SpaceShipTwo that reportedly grabbed the attention of Beyonce and Jay-Z.
Virgin Galactic has collected deposits from nearly 500 customers willing to pay $200,000 for a ride aboard SpaceShipTwo, and both Virgin and XCOR have inked deals to fly scientists and their experiments on research flights. So a suborbital market already exists — but Shostak is thinking about ways to make it grow.
A celebrity launch isn"t Shostak’s only idea. Suborbital firms should also promote their activities aggressively via social media, Shostak said, and they should make sure their spaceships are bristling（充满）with cameras both inside and out, to give the public dramatic views of every mission.
Some observers view commercial suborbital spaceflight as a potentially transformative industry, saying it could serve as a stepping stone to the exploration and exploitation of space on an unprecedented scale. While the industry’s success is far from assured, Shostak offered some reason for optimism: The American public remains keen on space.
小题1:Why may Justin Bieber be sent into suborbital space?| A．To show his bravery and make him a role model for teenagers. | | B．To arouse the American public’s interest. | | C．To help reform the spaceflight industry. | | D．To film an advertisement about space. |
小题2:What can we learn about suborbital spaceflight?| A．A trip will return to Earth before finishing a lap. | | B．The whole trip will leave passengers weightless. | | C．Each trip can take 500 passengers. | | D．The trip will be too expensive even for celebrities. |
小题3:What can we infer from the text?| A．SpaceShipTwo will be the first to fly. | | B．Famous people will be the main passengers in the future. | | C．The space trip is still in preparation. | | D．Every space trip will be made into a film. |
小题4:The last paragraph suggests that _________. | A．space is too mysterious to explore | | B．the suborbital market is promising | | C．the spaceflight industry is more successful than people think | | D．developing the industry is risky |
小题5:What is the main purpose of the text?| A．To predict a change in the space market. | | B．To discuss a recent launch. | | C．To introduce the status of the spaceflight industry. | | D．To remove public doubt about the spaceflight industry. |
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