The standard Outward Bound course lasts for three or four weeks. During that tim
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The first few days are given to physical conditioning and to the teaching of basic skills such as first aid, map and compass reading, rope climbing, and other similar activities.
During the second part of the course students learn how to climb rocks and cliffs, how to use canoes and rafts in swift water, and in some schools how to sail, ski, climb mountains, and make long-distance hikes.
The first two parts of the course are done in groups. Members work together and help each other to overcome the increasing number of challenges. In the third part of the course, students are sent out alone for three days to survive in the wilderness with only a few necessities.
Who are the students of Outward Bound? They are both young people and adults, men and women. The minimum age is 16.5 years. There is no maximum age. About one-third of the 6,000 persons completing the course each year are women. Businessmen, housewives, university students, professors, doctors, and lawyers are among those taking part in the course.
In recent years special courses for the busy business managers have gained in popularity. These courses last from five to ten days rather than the usual three to four weeks of the normal course.
Not all students complete the Outward Bound course. In some cases the individual cannot meet the physical challenges. In its own words Outward Bound literature says: "Make no mistake, Outward Bound is not for everybody. The courses aren"t easy and are not meant to be."
Most students who finish the course share a common experience. They are surprised at themselves that they finish the course and they feel great pride in doing the impossible! The Outward Bound experience makes them feel that they are better than they know!
小题1:Where are Outward Bound courses given?
| A．In the classroom. |
| B．On the playground. |
| C．In the wilderness. |
| D．In canoes and rafts. |
| A．Special courses for business executives last five to ten days longer |
| B．All of the students have to live outdoors |
| C．The students of Outward Bound are composed of both sexes over 16.5 years |
| D．More and more businessmen like the Outward Bound course |
| A．Around 6,000 people attend the course each year. |
| B．About 2,000 women attend the course each year. |
| C．About 2,000 women overcome the challenges each year. |
| D．Approximately 2,000 people overcome the challenges each year. |
| A．take anything they think necessary with them |
| B．take the equipment they found useful |
| C．are provided with everything to make them comfortable |
| D．are provided with only a few articles which are absolutely necessary |
答案
小题1:C
小题2:B
小题3:C
小题4:D
解析
小题1:从第一段第二句以及前四段文字可知,学生们都住在野外,并在那里上课.
小题2:第一段第二句表明:在三---四周的授课期间学生们住在户外.但B提供的句子会让人产生误解,以为是所有学生都必须住在户外.故不符题意.而从第五、六段中可知A、C、D,符合题意.
小题3:第五段中第五句表明,每年能通过这项野外训练课程的6,000人中,有三分之一是女性.
小题4:从第四段最后一句可知,在第三阶段,学生们单独到野外呆三天,带着极少量的生活必需品.
举一反三
-- Reported by Sheila Carrick
Why did the chicken cross the road? To get to the other side.
Most people know this joke. But recently, some people have been much more concerned with how the grizzly bear and mountain lion can cross the road.
Millions of animals die each year on U.S. roads, the Federal Highway Administration reports. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the U.S. today. The main reason? Roadkill.
"Ecopassages" may help animals cross the road without being hit by cars. They are paths both over and under roads. "These ecopassages can be extremely useful, so that wildlife can avoid human conflicts," said Jodi Hilty of the Wildlife Conservation Society.
But do animals actually use the ecopassages? The answer is yes. Paul Beier of Northern Arizona University found foot marks left by mountain lions on an ecopassage that went under a highway. This showed that the lion used the passage.
Builders of some ecopassages try to make them look like a natural part of an area by planting trees on and around them. Animals seem to be catching on. Animals as different as salamanders and grizzly bears are using the bridges and underpasses.
The next time you visit a park or drive through an area with a lot of wildlife, look around. You might see an animal overpass!
小题1:The writer uses the example of “ocelots” to show that_________.
| A．wild animals have become more dangerous |
| B．the driving conditions have improved greatly |
| C．the measure for protecting wildlife fails to work |
| D．an increasing number of animals are killed in road accidents |
| A．an underground path for cars | B．a fence built for the safety of the area |
| C．a bridge for animals to get over a river | D．a pass for animals to cross the road |
| A．animals begin to realize the dangers on the road |
| B．animals begin to learn to use ecopassages |
| C．animals are crossing the road in groups |
| D．animals are increasing in number |
| A．wild animals may attack cars | B．wild animals may jam the road |
| C．they may see wild animals in the park | D．they may see wild animals on ecopassages |
The 37-year-old Carnegie Mellon University professor has spent years developing snake-like robots he hopes will eventually slide through fallen buildings in search of victims trapped after natural disasters or other emergencies.
Dan Kara is president of Robotics Trends, a Northboro, Mass.-based company that publishes an online industry magazine and runs robotics trade shows. He said there are other snake-like robots being developed, mainly at universities, but didn’t know of one that could climb pipes.
The Carnegie Mellon machines are designed to carry cameras and electronic sensors and can be controlled with a joystick(操纵杆). They move smoothly with the help of small electric motors, or servos, commonly used by hobbyists in model airplanes.
Built from lightweight materials, the robots are about the size of a human arm or smaller. They can sense which way is up, but are only as good as their human operators, Choset added.
Sam Stover, a search term manager with the Federal Emergency Management Agency based in Indiana, said snake-type robots would offer greater mobility than equipment currently available, such as cameras attached to extendable roles.
“It just allows us to do something we’ve not been able to do before,” Stover said, “We needed them yesterday.”
He said snifter dogs are still the best search tool for rescue workers, but that they can only be used effectively when workers have access to damaged building.
Stover, among the rescue workers who handled the aftermath (后果) of Hurricane Katrina, said snake robots would have helped rescuers search flooded houses in that disaster.
Choset said the robots may not be ready for use for another five to ten years, depending on funding.
小题1:Which institution is responsible for the development of Choset’s robots?
| A．Robotics Trends. | B．Pittsburgh City Council. |
| C．Carnegie Mellon University. | D．Federal Emergency Management Agency. |
| A．can be attached to an electronic arm |
| B．can be used by hobbyists in model airplanes |
| C．can find victims more quickly than a snifter dog |
| D．can sense its way no better than its operators |
| A．could help handle the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina |
| B．would have been put to use in past rescue work |
| C．helped rescuers search flooded houses yesterday |
| D．were in greater need yesterday than today |
| A．Snake-like robots used in industries. |
| B．Snake-like robots made to aid in rescues. |
| C．The development of snake-like robots. |
| D．The working principles of snake-like robots. |
Indonesia’s reefs are vast – they cover 51, 000 square kilometers, surround 17, 500 islands and stretch 3,500 kilometers – but they are not infinite. Many foreign experts and Indonesians fear that the region’s entire marine environment could be seriously damaged if the reefs keep dying at their present rate. “The overall picture is depressing,” says Ian Dutton, Indonesian director of an environmental group.
Depressing, but not hopeless. Despite the destruction, environmentalists have in recent years made significant progress in changing the hearts and minds of the fishermen. Working closely with local Indonesian authorities in North Sulawesi and less populated eastern Indonesia, where most of the country’s reefs are located, they have succeeded in preventing destructive fishing practices and coral mining from overwhelming the reefs.
Increasing numbers of fishermen are waking up to the threat and protecting the life-sustaining coral before it’s too late. Nuhung, a 56-year-old fisherman, says, “I always knew blast fishing was harmful. Then I suddenly realized that by bombing the reefs I was destroying not only my own but my children’s future.”
小题1:The fishermen are named “worst offenders” because .
| A．they defend their rights of mining the coral reefs too eagerly |
| B．they wake up too late to realize the terrible situation |
| C．they use the fishing ways, which destroy the coral reefs |
| D．they pretend to follow the government’s rules |
| A．presents us some facts and people’s opinions as well |
| B．shows that he’s worried about the situation, but still feels a little hopeful |
| C．says he’s delighted and meanwhile, depressed |
| D．disagrees with what’s being done and gives suggestions |
| A．incomplete | B．short | C．unfit | D．limitless |
| A．But for the fishermen’s protection, the reefs would disappear soon. |
| B．More and more fishermen have realized their mistakes. |
| C．Without the coral reefs, the fishermen would have nothing for their livelihood. |
| D．Some practical measures have been taken to stop the situation worsening. |
| A．a magazine | B．a novel | C．a newspaper | D．a storybook |
All discussions of poetry are, in fact, preparations for reading it aloud, and the reading of the poem is, finally, the most telling “interpretation” of it, suggesting tone, rhythm, and meaning all at once. Hearing a poet read the work in his or her own voice, on records or on film, is obviously a special reward. But even those aids to teaching can not replace the student and teacher reading it or, best of all, reciting it.
I have come to think, in fact, that time spent reading a poem aloud is much more important than “analyzing” it, if there isn’t time for both. I think one of our goals as teachers of English is to have students love poetry. Poetry is “ a criticism of life”, and “ a heightening(提升) of life”. It is “an approach to the truth of feeling”, and it “can save your life”. It also deserves a place in the teaching of language and literature more central than it presently occupies.
I am not saying that every English teacher must teach poetry. Those who don’t like it should not be forced to put that dislike on anyone else. But those who do teach poetry must keep in mind a few things about its essential nature, about its sound as well as its sense, and they must make room in the classroom for hearing poetry as well as thinking about it.
小题1:To have a better understanding of a poem, one should________.
| A．discuss it with others | B．analyze it by oneself |
| C．copy it down in a notebook | D．practise reading it aloud |
| A．Extending your life | B．Saving your life |
| C．Criticizing life | D．Heightening life |
| A．to understand life. | B．to enjoy poetry. |
| C．to become teachers. | D．to become poets |
| A．More stress should be laid on the teaching of poetry. |
| B．Poetry is more important than any other subject. |
| C．One cannot enjoy life fully without an understanding of poetry |
| D．Poetry is the foundation of all language and literature courses |
| A．“build a booth” | B．“provide equipment” |
| C．“leave a certain amount of time” | D．“set aside enough space” |
The study divided the patients into three groups. In Group A, a dog and a person visited each patient for twelve minutes. Patients in Group B received just a human visitor for twelve minutes. And members of Group C received no visitor, human or canine(犬的).
The dogs would lie on the hospital bed so the heart patients could touch them. The researchers say some patients immediately smiled and talked to the dog and the human visitor. Dogs, in her words, “make people happier, calmer and feel more loved.”
The researchers examined the patients before, during and after the visits. They measured stress levels based on blood flow and heart activity. They say they found a twenty-four percent decrease in the group visited by both a dog and a person. They reported a ten percent decrease in the group visited by a person only. There was no change in the patients without any visit. These patients, however, did have an increase in their production of the hormone epinephrine (epinephrine肾上腺素). The body produces epinephrine during times of stress.
The increase was an average of seven percent. But the study found that patients who spent time with a dog had a seventeen percent drop in their levels of epinephrine. Patients visited by a human but not a dog also had a decrease, but only two percent.
小题1:The author believes that _______.
| A．the dog can take the place of most medicines |
| B．the dog is the most popular pet for man |
| C．the findings of the research cannot be trusted |
| D．visits by a human work better than visits by a dog |
小题3:From the research findings we may conclude that _______.
| A．the less the body produces epinephrine, the better |
| B．the longer a visit lasts, the happier the patient should be |
| C．the patients enjoyed the dogs’ company more than the human visitors’ |
| D．it’s impossible for heart patients to recover without dogs’ visits |
| A．Worried Heart Patients | B．Epinephrine and Stress |
| C．Good Friend to the Heart | D．Three Groups of Patients |
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