阅读理解。 Scientists at Harvard University and Bates College find female chimpan
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| 阅读理解。 |
Scientists at Harvard University and Bates College find female chimpanzees (黑猩猩) appear to
treat sticks as dolls, carrying them around until they have children of their own. Young males engage
in such behavior much less frequently.
The new work by Sonya M. Kahlenberg and Richard W. Wrangham, described this week in the
journal Current Biology, provides the first evidence of a wild nonhuman species playing with dolls, as
well as the first known sex difference in a wild animal"s choice of playthings.
The two researchers say their work adds to a growing body of evidence that human children are
probably born with their own ideas of how they want to behave, rather than simply mirroring other
girls who play with dolls and boys who play with trucks. Doll play among humans could have its origins
in object-carrying by earlier apes (猿类), they say, suggesting that toy selection is probably not due
entirely to socialization.
"In humans, there are obvious sex differences in children"s toy play, and these are remarkably similar
across cultures," says Kahlenberg. "While socialization by elders and peers has been the primary
explanation, our work suggests that biology may also have an important role to play in activity
preferences."
In 14 years of data on chimpanzee behavior at the Kibale National Park in Uganda, Kahlenberg
and Wrangham counted more than 100 examples of stickcarrying. Some young chimpanzees carried
sticks into the nest to sleep with them and on one occasion built a separate nest for the stick. "We have
seen juveniles occasionally carrying sticks for many years, and because they sometimes treated them
rather like dolls, we wanted to know if in general this behavior tended to represent something like
playing with dolls," says Wrangham, a Professor at Harvard. "If the doll hypothesis (假设) was right,
we thought that females should carry sticks more than males do, and that the chimpanzees should stop
carrying sticks when they had their first child. We have now watched enough young chimpanzees to
prove both points." |
| 1. What does a female chimpanzee do with sticks? |
A. She gives them to her child to play with.
B. She treats them as dolls.
C. She makes useful tools from them.
D. She treats them as weapons. |
| 2. What causes the different toy selection of chimpanzees, according to the passage? |
A. Sex difference.
B. Socialization.
C. Environment.
D. Cultural difference. |
| 3. We can infer from the fourth paragraph that ________. |
A. socialization has nothing to do with human"s choice of playthings
B. sex difference is the only factor in human"s choice of playthings
C. the biology factor may also influence toy choice
D. people choose different toys in different cultures |
| 4. It can be concluded from the passage that ________. |
A. both humans and chimpanzees choose their playthings due to sex difference
B. different factors cause humans and chimpanzees to choose different playthings
C. only female chimpanzees have playthings
D. chimpanzees usually choose playthings for their children |
|
答案
| 1-4: BACA |
举一反三
| 阅读理解 |
Teachers using red pens to mark students"work could be harming their psyche(心理)as the color is
too aggressive, according to education strategies drafted by an Australian state government.
The "Good Mental Health Rocks" kit, which was distributed this month to about 30 schools in
Queensland State, offers strategies such as "Don"t mark in red pens(which can be seen as
aggressive)-use a different color."Other tips include structuring time for peer tutoring every day,
apologizing to students when necessary and asking students to conduct a "personal skill audit(审查)"
where they focus on their individual strengths rather than their weaknesses.
The kit, designed to help Queensland teachers address mental health problems in the classroom,
suggests social and emotional wellbeing has been linked to young people"s schooling, among other things.
The education aid has sparked a row in parliament(议会), with deputy opposition leader Mark McArdle calling it "kooky, loony, loopy lefty policies."
But Health Minister Stephen Robertson, whose department devised the kit, said youth suicide was
a serious issue."If mental health professionals determine that as one of a number of strategies teachers
should consider, and then I"ll support them every day, "he told reporters recently."This is not a matter
for ridicule; this is serious".
According to some Australian mental health groups, the greatest number of people with mental illness
is aged between 18 and 24 years, with 14 percent of Australian children and adolescents suffering from
some sort of illness.Boys are slightly more likely to experience mental health problems than girls and
depression is one of the most common conditions among young people and increases during
adolescence, the website of mental health group Mindframe said.
1. In this text the writer seems to suggest that ________.
A. teachers should not mark students" work in red pens
B. teachers should let peers to help their classmates every day
C. children should be encouraged to think of their strengths
D. teachers should not be so aggressive to their students
2. The "Good Mental Health Rocks" kit was designed for the purpose of ________.
A. developing the students" strengths instead of weaknesses
B. improving the students"health when they are at school
C. taking care of the students"mental health in the classroom
D. improving the teachers"teaching strategies in the classroom
3. From this text we can infer that ________.
A. a great many of people kill themselves every year
B. different people hold different opinions about the kit
C. students" mental health wasn"t paid attention to before
D. red pens kill many young people every year at school
4. What"s the main idea of the last paragraph?
A. Most of the young people in Australia suffer from some kind of disease.
B. More and more people are suffering from depression in Australia.
C. Most children in Australia are in a poor state of health.
D. Adolescents are much easier to suffer from mental problems. |
| 阅读理解 |
Six astronauts are about to experience what it"s like to travel to Mars and back, only without actually
leaving Earth.Three Russian astronauts will join three colleagues from other countries as they are locked
up together for a year and a half on a simulated(模仿的) mission to Mars.The mission is called Mars
500.
The Mars500 mission at Moscow"s Institute of Biomedical Problems will test the psychological and
physical effects of longterm isolation on humans.
The group"s leader, engineer Sytev, looks at the threesquaremeter place that will be his personal
habitation."This phone will work for only 11 days.When we are near the Earth, it will be switched off, "
said Sytev.Sytev is a newlywed.He says the most difficult thing will be to be separated from his wife and
the persons around him.He finds it difficult to leave some of his habits behind-all their activities will be
directed towards a certain goal and that he won"t see sunsets, sunrises, won"t feel rain for 18 months.
After 250 days, three of the astronauts will simulate landing on Mars.The other three will wait for
them-in the mock spacecraft-for a month.All communication with Earth will be via email and will have as
much as a 40minute delay, like on a real Mars mission.
Suvorov is a physician.He and other scientists will monitor the astronauts."This experiment is unique
because the six persons will be isolated for a long period of time, " noted Suvorov."They will have to
make decisions on their own and only then report to the Earth, and the Earth will tell them whether they
did the right thing or not."He says the experiment will pave the way for a real Mars journey later this
century."We are going to determine how much food and other products of daily use are needed, and
how people of different cultures, of different training can find common language and work on performing
their tasks, " added Suvorov.
Mars500 is the third in a series of flight simulations.The earlier ones were shorter.The current
experiment is set to end in November 2011.
1. The underlined word "mock" in Paragraph 4 means ________.
A. simulated B. advanced
C. small D. comfortable
2. What do we learn about the Mars500 mission according to the text?
A. The base is located in New York, America.
B. It is a simulation program designed for the future space expedition.
C. All astronauts will spend 18 months in the spacecraft.
D. Astronauts can"t use any mobile phone during the experiment.
3. What is the most difficult thing that Sytev will face during their training?
A. Standing the isolation and loneliness.
B. There existing a 40minute delay.
C. Lacking food and other products.
D. Being monitored by Suvorov and other scientists.
4. We can learn from Suvorov"s words that ________.
A. it"s hard for the astronauts to perform their tasks together
B. more experiments will be carried out for a real journey
C. the astronauts should learn to make decisions on their own
D. different cultures of the astronauts don"t matter any more |
| 阅读理解 |
Today we tell you about some new understanding of why cutting the main branch of a plant or tree
can lead to better development.
The findings are from researchers on two_continents.Professor Prezemyslaw Prusinkiewicz of the
University of Calgary in Canada led the research with scientists from Britain and Sweden.Their study
appears in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Researchers have known since the 1930s that the actively growing tip of a plant produces a hormone(荷尔蒙) called auxin(生长素). This hormone flows down the main stem.Scientists say the auxin has
an indirect effect on buds(芽) on the side of the stem to prevent branching.
These buds themselves also produce auxin.The research suggests that to grow, they have to be able
to export the hormone into the main stem.But the flow from the stem tip prevents them from doing this.
The researchers wanted to find out how this blocking happens.
Professor Prusinkiewicz is on leave in Australia, but he sent us an email suggesting a simple way to
underst and the process.Think of a major road crowded with traffic.So many cars are on the main road
that the cars on the side roads cannot enter.
The stem is like the crowded main road.The new research shows that the buds on the side cannot
export their auxin into the main stem because it is too full.But if that main shoot is pruned(修剪), other
buds below it can start exporting.They are no longer prevented from growing.
Ottoline Leyser from the University of York says that after a plant is pruned, all the inhibited(被抑制的) shoot tips compete with each other to grow.In doing this, the branches influence each other"s growth.
Nearby shoot tips are more likely to affect each other than those that are far apart from each other.
Professor Leyser says the strongest branches grow best, wherever they may be on the plant.The
study found that the main shoot grows the best of all not because of its position at the top of the plant,
but mostly because it got there first.
1. The underlined part "two continents" in Paragraph 2 refers to "________".
A. Asia and Africa
B. Africa and Europe
C. North America and Europe
D. Australia and Europe
2. Professor Prusinkiewicz compares the cars on the side roads to ________.
A. plant stems
B. plant buds
C. the leaves of a plant
D. the roots of a plant
3. To make the buds on the side of the stem to grow better, the main shoot should ________.
A. be cut off
B. be protected
C. be watered as much as possible
D. be given much auxin
4. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
A. Researchers have recently found out that the growing tip of a plant produces hormones.
B. Auxin has a direct effect on buds to keep branches from growing.
C. Buds on the side of the stem can"t produce hormones.
D. In order to grow, the buds on the side of the stem export the hormones into the main stem. |
| 阅读理解 |
If you were looking for an animal to take the title of "most violent fish in the sea", then the puffer
fish(河豚) would have to be a strong competitor.Not only is it poisonous-though that doesn"t stop
people trying to eat it-and able to scare off other creatures in the sea by inflating itself to become much
larger than normal, but also it chews on its own brothers and sisters when it is young.
Puffers attach their eggs to rocks near the bottom of the sea, often at the mouths of bays.Then the
larvae(幼鱼)move to the wide part of the river once they have grown a little.Having put on more
weight, they head for the sea.It"s no childhood for the puffer fish, though, as Shin Oikawa and his
colleagues found when they hatched puffer larvae in the lab and monitored them for two months.They
found the larvae went through three step changes when they reached body weights of 0.002 grams,
0.01g and 0.1g.When a larva went through one of these changes, its behavior also changed.For instance,
once a larva passed the first level it would grow its first teeth and could start attacking the larvae that had
not reached that stage.Similarly, any larva that had reached the 0.01g or 0.1g levels would start attacking
the larvae that hadn"t.
The baby fish had a "relatively small mouth", so rather than swallow their brothers and sisters whole,
they would bite pieces out of them.Despite this limitation, the fish caused plenty of deaths.
Eat one puffer and the poison will paralyze your muscles, including the muscles responsible for breathing
－so death is usually caused for lack of oxygen.Famously, the fish is a delicious dish in Japan, where
highly qualified chefs produce dishes that contain safe levels of the poison.The puffer does not go to the
trouble of producing poison itself.Instead, it hosts bacteria that combine the poison.It obtains these
bacteria from its diet, so the youngest adult fish are not poisonous.
1. The following statements account for the violence of puffers EXCEPT ________.
A. they often prevent people from capturing them
B. they can become larger to frighten enemies away
C. they kill their younger companions after growing older
D. they can poison people who try to eat them
2. We can learn from the second paragraph that the puffer ________.
A. can mostly grow to the weight of 0.1g gram
B. never changes its behavior as it grows
C. often finds safe places to have its next generation
D. begins to grow teeth when it reaches the second level
3. Where does the poison in the puffer"s body come from?
A. Its inner organism.
B. The chemicals in the water.
C. The diet it eats.
D. Small fish around it.
4. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ________.
A. the puffer does produce poison all by itself
B. people like eating puffers though they are poisonous
C. people can eat the puffer prepared by themselves
D. fishermen often capture the youngest adult puffers |
| 阅读理解 |
It is finally possible for serious mobile communication users to invest in a service that meets their
highest expectations,thanks to the arrival of the "4G" communication on the market!But what exactly
is this all about,and what real benefits do clients stand to gain by switching to such a plan?Below we
hope to clear up precisely these concerns in a bid to bring wireless users closer to the reality that they
have always dreamt of .
The initials "4G" stand for "fourth generation "wireless communication standards,and at present they
are the latest generation of such standards.Unlike in the past,this time the generational leap is going to
take a good long while to repeat itself,so the fourth generation users do not need to fear investing in
something that is simply going to be left by the wayside in a few short months or even weeks.That"s
because this generation of wireless standards is the culmination(顶点) of a much broader and more
coordinated (协调的) set of developments in labs across the world,rather than the kinds of isolated
and shortsighted pushes that resulted in previous generations of wireless standards.
The results of this internationally supported new generation of wireless Internet are much more
significant than most people would imagine,as the steps forward are much greater than the case
between previous generations of wireless systems.Whereas between 2G and 3G wireless systems
the rate of data transfer barely rose a few Kbps (千字节每秒) and was accompanied by few other
major advances.With the arrival of the latest generation the bar (缓冲地址暂存器) has been raised
several Mbps (兆比特每秒) and furthermore several other advantages have been presented.It means
that the fourth generation mobile users will be able to capture signals in a broader variety of locations
and circumstances,not being cut off simply because they have hopped from one network to the next.
Ultimately,the fourth generation mobile Internet means a vast readjustment(再调整) in the way
people live their personal and professional lives,offering them the kind of mobility that they have always
hoped for.And as the fourth generation capabilities are spread over increasing parts of the country,
starting in the nation"s largest cities and spreading out wards from there,it will in the near future be
possible to roam from coast to coast without losing one"s connection for even a second.
1. What is the writer"s purpose of writing this text?
A. To explain the "4G" communication systems.
B. To advertise the "4G" communication systems.
C. To show the great capacities of the "4G" systems.
D. To show his ideas about the "4G" communication.
2. From this text we can infer that ________.
A. more and more people have no interest in the "4G" communication
B. it will be difficult to surpass the "4G" communication systems at present
C. the "4G" communication will surely repeat itself in the future
D. the "4G" communication technology is the most advanced technology at present
3. Which of the following is true about the previous generations of wireless standards?
A. It took a long time to develop the previous generations.
B. The previous generations users think highly of the systems.
C. There were only few isolated and shortsighted changes in them.
D. It is difficult to imagine the future of the wireless standards.
4. What is the most significant advantage of the "4G" systems?
A. Users will be able to catch more signals from all over the world.
B. It will be much cheaper to use the "4G" communication systems.
C. It will be much faster for data to transfer with the help of the "4G" systems.
D. Users will be able to jump from one network to another. |
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