阅读理解。 Six-month-old babies are strictly limited in what they can remember ab

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阅读理解。

     Six-month-old babies are strictly limited in what they can remember about the objects they
see in the world. If you hide several objects from babies, they will only remember one of those
objects. But a new study, which was published in an issue of Psychological Science, a journal
of the Association for Psychological Science, finds that when babies “forget” about an object,
not all is lost. Researchers used to think that babies less than two years old did not understand
than an object continues to exist when it is not in the baby’s view. But in the mid-1980s, new
ways of doing experiments with babies found that they do, if fact, know that objects don’t
disappear when they are not looking at them- a concept know as object permanence. But it
was still unknown what babies needed to remember about objects in order to remember their
existence.
     Now Melissa Kibbe, of Johns Hopkins University, and Alan Leslie, of Rutgers University, are
working to figure out exactly what it is that babies remember about objects. For the new study,
they showed six-month-old babies two objects, a disk and a triangle. Then they hid the objects
behind small screens, first one shape, then the other. Earlier research has shown that young babies
can remember what was hidden most recently, but have more trouble remembering the first object
that was hidden. Once the shapes were hidden, they lifted the screen in front of the first object.
Sometimes they showed babies the shape that was hidden there originally, but sometimes it was
the other shape, and sometimes the object had vanished completely.
     Psychologists measure how long babies look at something to see how surprised they are. In
Kibbe and Leslie’s study, babies weren’t particularly surprised to see that the shape hidden behind
the screen had changed, for example, from a triangle to a disk. But if the object was gone altogether,
the babies looked significantly longer, indicating surprise at an unexpected outcome. “This shows
that even though babies don’t remember the shape of the object, they know that it should continue
to exist,” Kibbe says. “They remember the object without remembering the features that identify that
object.”
     This helps explain how the young brain processes information about objects, Leslie says. He
thinks the brain has a structure that acts like a kind of pointer, a mental finger that points at an object.

1. Before the study, which of the following was unclear?A. Whether babies know objects are gone.
B. Why babies were interested in what was hidden.
C. What made babies remember objects’ existence.
D. Whether babies can remember what was hidden first.2. In the second paragraph, the underlined word “vanished” probably means ______.A. disappeared
B. forgotten
C. discovered
D. hidden3. The study is beneficial to know ______.A. whether babies can remember features of hidden objects
B. how the young brain deals with information about objects
C. whether babies were surprised when they found the objects disappeared
D. why babies less than two years did not understand a hidden object still existed4. Which would be the best title for the passage?A. A new concept- object permanence
B. What babies remember about objects
C. A new study on psychology
D. All remembered isn’t lost

答案

1-4: CABD

举一反三

阅读理解。     Consider the following three facts from a research about 1,292 kindergartens, elementary schools,
middle schools and high schools.
     78% of the schools have at least one fastfood place within less than a half mile or about a 10minute
walk.
     Half the area"s schools have a fastfood restaurant a third of a mile or closer, about a fiveminute walk.
In some cases, the restaurant is right next door or across the street.
     There are three to four times as many fastfood restaurants within less than a mile of schools than they
would be expected.
     Most public and private schools in Chicago are only a fiveto10minute walk from at least one fastfood
restaurant. The city is facing the same problem like other areas. Children and teens are surrounded by
unhealthy options.
    Students can pick up fast foods, including hamburgers, French fries, fried chicken and doughnuts, on
the way to and from school. Some high school students can go off campus at lunchtime to eat it. "Five
days a week we send children to an environment where there"s an abundance of highcalorie,
lownutritionalquality, inexpensive food," says Bryn Austin.
     The research comes from growing concerns that American schoolchildren are gaining weight. About
31% of kids aged 6 to 19 are overweight or at risk of becoming so. On days when kids eat fast food,
they have more calories, more fat, more sugar and fewer fruits and vegetables than on other days.
     Kelly Brownell from Yale University said, "Just like there are drugfree zones around schools, there
should be zones around schools that are free of junk food, including fastfood restaurants, minimarkets
and gas stations that sell food inside."1. The passage mainly wants to show that ________. A. the number of fastfood restaurants is increasing
B. fastfood restaurants are doing harm to students
C. there are many fastfood restaurants around schools
D. fastfood restaurants around schools have been a problem2. According to the passage, the "junk food" that Kelly Brownell mentioned should be foods ________.  A. that are popular with the students
B. high in calories and low in nutrition
C. inexpensive for students to buy
D. high in nutrition and low in calories3. According to Kelly Brownell, the best way to solve the problem is to ________.A. have rules to stop students from going out for food
B. set up zones free of junk food around schools
C. charge fastfood restaurants around school
D. close all the gas stations around schools4. What would be the best title for the passage? A. Students Are Taking More Calories than They Need
B. Zones Free of Junk Food in Need Around Schools
C. FastFood Restaurants Crowd Chicago Schools
D. FastFood Restaurants Should Not Be Allowed

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阅读理解     On a PC (个人电脑), having to fill out a form and type in a credit card number to buy something
is only mildly annoying. On a cellphone, it could make you want to skip the purchase entirely.
     This is why investors, startups (初创企业) and major corporations are pouring money into
services that make it easier to use cellphones to buy goods and transfer money. The aim is to turn
phones into virtual credit cards or checkbooks, enabling the kind of clickandbuy commerce and online
banking that people have come to expect on their PCs. But shrinking down (缩小) those services
presents serious challenges.
     The services must work on many different phones and through many cellphone service providers,
which usually control the billing relationships with customers. That adds complexity to the already tricky
business of safely and securely transferring funds among financial institutions and merchants.
     Mobile payment systems have been tried before, with only modest success. Driving a new flurry
(一阵兴奋) of deal making, industry analysts and executives say, is the success of the iPhone,
BlackBerry and other sophisticated (尖端的) devices. These phones make complex interactions easier.
     Now the race is on to develop new payment systems-and to get several percentage points in fees
from each transaction. They"re seeing that returns could be so huge. Obopay, a startup that lets people
transmit money to one another via text message, raised $ 35 million from Nokia"s investment. Also, a
mobile payments startup called Boku announced that it had received $ 13 million in venture capital
financing.
     When people can use their phone numbers to make a purchase, they are 10 times as likely to follow
through on a transaction as when they have to type in credit card and billing information, said David
Marcus, chief executive of a startup called Zong.
     Mobile payment companies also need to get cooperation from merchants, which must add a payment
option to their mobile sites or applications.
     But the potential opportunity to get fees from the growing number of mobile transactions is too
__juicy__to__pass__up,__despite the risks, said an analyst with IDC Financial Insights, a market
research company.1. From the passage, we should face ________ great difficulties while purchasing
    through cellphones instead of PCs.A. one
B. two
C. three
D. four2. According to the passage, using phones to make a purchase is ________.A. expensive
B. convenient
C. troublesome
D. impossible3. What does the underlined phrase "too juicy to pass up" in the last paragraph probably mean?A. Too profitable to ignore.
B. Too difficult to seize.
C. Too heavy to lift.
D. Too unsafe to handle.4. What would be the best title for the passage? A. The Benefit of Purchasing via Cellphone
B. The Great Risks on Payments via Cellphone
C. How to Deal with Payments via Cellphone
D. Investors Bet on Payments via Cellphone

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阅读理解     Similar things continuously happened in Haiti and Chile. Thousands of people were buried in the
earthquake and lost their lives. What if we could have warned them? People are always trying hard
to find a way of preventing building collapsing (倒塌). Better materials and technology help, but are
not a solution. Just like humans, a building has its own life circle from "birth" to "death". If we know
when a building is going to collapse, we can repair it in advance or get out before it falls.
     Now, scientists at the University of Illinois have developed a material that turns red before it breaks.
The invention could be used in things like climbing ropes, or bridge supports. The secret behind the
colorchanging material is a type of molecule (分子).  A molecule is a group of atoms held together by
chemical bonds (化学键).  Imagine you and your friends standing in a circle, holding hands. Each
person stands for one atom, your hands represent the bonds, and the entire circle represents a molecule.
If one person lets go of his or her hands, the molecule changes color. The research team put the
molecule into a soft material.  When the researchers stretched (拉紧) the material, it turned bright red
a few seconds before it broke into two pieces. When they repeatedly stretched and relaxed the
material,  without breaking it,  it only turned a little red.
    The major problem is, light can get rid of the red color. When the team shone a bright light on the
molecule, the broken bond was fixed, and the color disappeared. If bright light keeps the red color
from appearing, the material"s warning system will be useless. Scientists still have a lot of work to do
before  the  colorchanging  molecule  can  be  used  outside the lab.1. The passage mainly about ________. A. a way of preventing buildings from breaking down
B. a way of warning before buildings collapse
C. a series of earthquakes in Haiti and Chile
D. a newlydiscovered structure of a molecule2. According to the passage, we can conclude that ________. A. scientists have found the life circle of buildings from "birth" to "death"
B. there are problems to solve before putting the new material to use
C. bright light makes the red color visible to human eyes
D. the new material is unlikely to be used in building bridges3. The colorchanging molecule can ________. A. remind people to leave buildings before they fall
B. help building materials get stretched if necessary
C. prevent the earthquake from killing people
D. make building materials much stronger4. The warning system is based on the fact that ________.   A. red color won"t show up when it meets bright light
B. a building has its own life circle of "birth" to "death"
C. a material with a certain type of molecule can turn red when stretched
D. the broken bond will fix itself when a molecule meets bright light

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     My students often tell me that they do not have "enough time" to do all their schoolwork.
     My reply is often a brief “You have as much time as the president”. I usually carry on a bit about
there being twenty four hours in the day for everyone, and suggest that “not enough time” is not an
acceptable explanation of not getting something done.
     Once in graduate school, I tried to justify (证明……有理) myself to one of my professors by saying
that I was working hard. His answer to me was, "That"s irrelevant. What"s important is the quality of your work." Since then I have had time to reflect on the "hard worker" dodge(妙计), and I have come to some conclusions, all relevant to the issue of how much time we have.
     If you look at the matter analytically, you can identify two parts of the problem: There is,  of course,
the matter of "time", which we can think of as fixed. Then there is the issue of "work" during that time,
which can vary in intensity. But, as my professor suggested, it"s not the diligence of the work but the
quality of the product that"s important.
     That led me to a new idea: the quality of the work. That concept is perhaps best explained by a sign I
once saw on the wall in someone"s office: "Don"t work harder. Work smarter." There"s a lot of sense in
that idea.
     If you can"t get more time, and few of us can, the only solution is to improve the quality of the work.
That means devising(想出) ways of getting more out of the same time than we might otherwise get. That
should lead us to an analysis of our work habits. Since "work" for students usually means "homework",
the expression "work habits" should be read as "study habits".
     Then, as a smart student, you will seek to improve those skills that you use in study, chiefly reading
and writing. If you learn to read better and write better, there are big benefits that pay off across the
board in all your studies. 1. From the passage, we know that the author is most probably________. A. a poet
B. an educator
C. a novelist
D. an engineer 2. We can infer from the second paragraph that students still________. A. have enough time
B. can meet the president
C. can get something done well
D. should accept the teacher"s suggestion 3. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. My students often make full use of their time to do all their homework.
B. I once tried to show myself to my professor by saying that I was wrong.
C. Many of us can get more time to improve the quality of the work.
D.  Improving  reading  and  writing  skills  will  benefit students a lot. 1. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A. Not an Acceptable Explanation
B. Don"t Work Harder. Work Smarter
C. An Analysis of Our Work Habits
D. Read Better And Write Better

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阅读理解。      When people lose legs after accidents or illnesses, emergency care and artificial limbs(假肢)
often allow them to walk again. Newts (蝾螈)in the same situation, on the other hand, can grow
limbs back on their own! Scientists have known for a long time that certain animals can regrow
limbs, but they haven"t quite figured out how these creatures do it.
     Researchers have now come up with some new ideas. Their work may give people the ability
to regrow lost limbs.  The researchers started with two simple experiments: when you cut a newt"s
leg at the ankle, only the foot grows back; when you cut off a leg at the very end, the whole leg
grows back.  In both cases, the regrowth begins with stem cells.  Stem cells can develop into nearly
any type of cell in the body.
     How do a newt"s stem cells know when to grow only a foot and when to regrow a whole leg?
     This question relates to another mystery. In newt"s, a cutoff leg will grow back only if the nerve
bundle(神经束) in it also grows back, but if something prevents the nerve bundle from growing the
stem cells at the wound won"t  regrow a new leg.
     In its study, a British team focused on a protein called nAG.  When the team prevented nerves in
a limb from growing, but added the nAG protein to stem cells in the limb, the limb still regrew. That
protein seems to guide limb regrowth. People have proteins that are similar to nAG.  Further research
into these materials may someday help human limbs recover by themselves.1. A newt will regrow its leg if________.A. its ankle was cut off but the nerve bundle was good
B. its leg was cut off and the nerve bundle stopped growing
C. its leg was cut off and the nerve bundle could grow back
D. its ankle and the nerve bundle could grow back2. What do the underlined words "these materials"  refer to?A. Nerve bundles and proteins.
B. Proteins similar to nAG.
C. Stem cells and proteins.
D. Stem cells and nerve bundles.3. The first sentence of the passage________.A. acts as a leadin
B. shows where researchers got their new ideas
C. states the author"s opinion
D. describes the result of researchers" studies4. What"s the purpose of studying the newts?A. To find out whether newts would regrow after being cutting off.
B. To find out the similarity between human and newts.
C. To find out what is nAG.
D. To find a way of helping human limbs recover by themselves.

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