Scientists know of more than 1,000 volcanoes on the surface of Venus, Earth’s “s
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Scientists know of more than 1,000 volcanoes on the surface of Venus, Earth’s “sister” planet. A big question has been: Are they still active? The scientists say yes.
Their evidence for recent volcanic activity on Venus comes from a lava(熔岩) flow in the planet’s northern hemisphere. The flow is hotter than the rocks around, which means the lava might still be cooling off. “The flow we studied seems to be very young---it is still warm inside,” Nataliya Bondarenko said.
Venus is a difficult planet to study from Earth because it is surrounded by thick clouds. Telescopes on Earth can’t see through these clouds, so the best information about Venus comes from spacecraft orbiting it.
Bondarenko and her colleagues studied the lava flow using data from NASA’s Magellan mission. That spacecraft spent four years in orbit around Venus and used radar to make a map of 98 percent of the planet’s surface. On October 11th, 1994, the mission ended, and the spacecraft plunged (跌落) through Venus’ heavy cloud cover and crashed onto the planet below.
While in orbit, the Magellan craft sent microwaves, which can go through Venus’ clouds, to the surface. Microwaves are invisible and can be as long as three feet. These waves are a kind of energy, like light. And like light, they bounce off surfaces. The way the waves bounced off the Venus’ surface and back to the craft supplied information that the scientists used to estimate the temperature of various parts of the planet’s surface. Bondarenko’s team found that the lava flow was hotter than its surroundings---which may mean the lava flow is in the process of cooling.
The scientists say the lava flow can’t be very old because if it were, it would have cooled off enough that Magellan wouldn’t have noticed the difference in microwaves. She adds that the flow appears in a 1978 view of the surface that a craft called the Pioneer Venus Orbiter captured.
小题1:What happened to Magellan in the end?| A．It was floating in space forever. | | B．It flew into heavy clouds. | | C．It returned to the Earth. | | D．It fell onto Venus. |
小题2:How could Bondarenko judge the temperature of the Venus?| A．By looking at it with a powerful telescope. | | B．By measuring the thickness of clouds over Venus. | | C．By calculating the microwave bouncing off Venus’s surface. | | D．By orbiting Venus for 4 years in a spacecraft. |
小题3:The best title for the passage may be “______ ”.| A．Warm lava on Venus | | B．More volcanic eruptions on Venus | | C．Venus is just like a big active volcano | | D．Lava flows are first found on Venus |
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答案
小题1:D
小题2:C
小题3:A |
解析
试题分析：文章的大意为：科学家说在金星的表面上有1000多座活火山，并且也找到了证据。是从火山喷发出的溶岩中得到证明的，因为这些溶岩还是热的处于冷却的状态。在地球获取金星的信息是不容易的，因为从地球上的望远镜上是看不清金星，有很厚的去层遮挡。科学家的这些有关金星的信息是从美国国家航空航天局的飞行器那里采集的信息。
小题1:D细节理解题。On October 11th, 1994, the mission ended, and the spacecraft plunged (跌落) through Venus’ heavy cloud cover and crashed onto the planet below.1994年10月11日，使命结束了，飞行器穿过金星厚厚的云层跌落在落在了这个行星的表面上。故答案应为D。
小题2:C细节理解题。The way the waves bounced off the Venus’ surface and back to the craft supplied information that the scientists used to estimate the temperature of various parts of the planet’s surface.大意为：波从金星的表面反弹回来到达航天器的这种方式提供了信息，科学家用这种信息去估计金星表面不同地方的温度。故答案应为C。
小题3:A文章大意题。这篇文章从火山周围的溶岩推测出这些火山还很活跃的，接着陈述了金星的信息很难获得，科学家通过航天器获得的信息推测出金星表面不同部分的温度。所以文章的题目应是金星上温暖的熔岩。故答案应为A. B选项金星上更多的火山爆发，文中是没有介绍的；C选项金星就像一个大大的活火山，文中并未涉及到这个话题；D选项熔岩首先在金星上被发现，文中并未指出是首次发现。
【考点】考查科学类文章的阅读理解。 |
举一反三
Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A—F for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need.
A. When a child should learn to read
B. Why it is fun to teach a child reading
C. What if a child has reading problems
D. How you prepare a young child for reading
E. What is the best way to teach a child reading
F. Whether reading early promises later achievements
小题1:
Learning to read early has become one of those indicators—in parents" minds at least—that their child is smart. In fact, reading early has very little to do with whether a child is successful academically. Research has shown that difficulty with reading is often due not to inferior intelligence but to differences in the developmental wiring of each individual child. In some cases, there are neurological problems and developmental lags that can be overcome with proper training.
小题2:
Traditionally, American schools teach children at age six, but many schools begin teaching informally in kindergarten and pre-kindergarten. If parents start too early to encourage reading, and a child does not immediately succeed, the parent has a hard time relaxing and letting the child go at his or her own pace.
小题3:
Over the years, research has proved that the use of both the “whole language” method and the “phonic” method works best for a child to master reading. While the whole language approach, which includes reading to children and getting them interested in both the activity of reading and the story they are reading, is helpful, phonics must be taught. Children must be taught that one of the squiggles they see is a “p” and another a “b”. Getting the print off the page requires a different ability than being able to understand the meaning of what is written.
小题4:
You can start developing the skills needed in reading at a very young age without putting any pressure on children. Besides reading to them, parents can start “ear training” their child by playing rhyme games. This develops the child"s ability to recognize different sounds. In reading to children, parents also can point to words as they go, teaching the child that the funny lines on the page are the words you are saying. All this should be a fun activity.
小题5:
Once a child is in school, the learning of reading is inevitably more serious. For children who have some kind of reading difficulty, you must get a professional diagnosis. While the teacher might say the child is merely disinterested but will get over it, disinterest or poor performance in reading can stem from a number of things, some being very specific learning disabilities that can be identified and worked on. But it is very tricky for parents to deal with their own child"s learning disabilities. |
Some scientists say that animals in the ocean are increasingly threatened by noise pollution caused by human beings. The noise that affect sea creatures comes from a number of human activities. It is caused mainly by industrial underwater explosions, ocean drilling, and ship engines. Such noises are added to natural sounds. These sounds include the breaking of ice fields, underwater earthquakes, and sounds made by animals themselves.
Decibels（分贝）measured in water are different from those measured on land. A noise of one hundred and twenty decibels on land causes pain to human ears. In water, a decibel level of one hundred and ninety-five would have the same effect.
Some scientists have proposed setting a noise limit of one hundred and twenty decibels in oceans. They have observed that noises at that level can frighten and confuse whales.
A team of American and Canadian scientists discovered that loud noises can seriously injure some animals. The research team found that powerful underwater explosions were causing whales in the area to lose their hearing. This seriously affected the whales’ ability to exchange information and find their way. Some of the whales even died. The explosions had caused their ears to bleed and become infected.
Many researchers whose work depends on ocean sounds object to a limit of one hundred and twenty decibels. They say such a limit would mean an end to important industrial and scientific research.
Scientists do not know how much and what kinds of noises are harmful to ocean animals. However, many scientists suspect that noise is a greater danger than they believed. They want to prevent noises from harming creatures in the ocean.
小题1:According to the passage, which of the following is increasingly dangerous to sea creatures?| A．The man-made noises. | | B．The noises made by themselves. | | C．The sound of earthquakes. | | D．The sound of the ice-breaking. |
小题2:As to the influence of noises on whales, which of the following statements is true?| A．They are deaf to noises. | | B．Noises at a certain level may hurt them. | | C．They are easily confused by noises. | | D．Noises will limit their ability to reproduce. |
小题3: We can know from the passage that many scientists think that the noise limit of one hundred twenty decibels would______.| A．prevent them from doing their research work | | B．benefit them a lot in their research work | | C．do good to their health | | D．increase the industrial output |
小题4:According to the passage, what will scientists most probably do in the future?| A．They will try their best to decrease noise. | | B．They will work hard to cut down noise pollution. | | C．They will study the effect of different noises. | | D．They will protect animals from harmful noises. |
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For medical students, real experience begins not in a classroom but at a teaching hospital. These doctors in training are guided. But sometimes accidents happen and the students get injured.
For example, they might stick themselves with a needle while treating patients. Such needle sticks are common. But a recent study found that medical students often fail to report them. Failing to report an injury like this can be dangerous if a patient, or a medical worker, has an infectious disease.
Researchers at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, did the study, which involved a survey answered by almost 700 surgeons in training in the United States.
Almost 60% said they had suffered needle stick injuries when they were in medical school. Many said they were stuck more than once. Yet nearly half of those whose most recent incident happened in school did not report it to a health office. If they had, they would have been tested to see if they needed treatment to prevent an infection like HIV or hepatitis.
Most known cases of HIV or hepatitis are reported, but other possible infections often are not. Martin Makary, the lead author of the study, says medical students who are stuck put themselves and others in danger from infectious diseases.
Doctor Makary said, "A needle that goes through the skin needs to be as sharp as possible.” Doctors in training may have to do hundreds of stitches (缝线) in some cases to close the skin after an operation.
Doctor Makary said, “I support using blunt tip needles which are considered safer. This needle is still sharp enough to go through body tissue, but it does have a blunt tip, so that if it accidentally goes into my finger, it"s much less likely to hurt me."
How common are needle sticks among health care workers? An estimated 600,000 to 800,000 of these and similar injuries are reported each year in the United States. But Doctor Makary says the real number may be much higher.
The study advises doctors to protect their hands by wearing two sets of gloves. It also urges hospitals to establish a special telephone number for medical workers and students to call if they are injured. The idea is for hospitals to send a clear message that there is no reason not to report this kind of accident.
小题1:It is dangerous for medical students not to report needle stick injuries because _________.| A．they don’t know how to treat themselves. | | B．they may meet more needle sticks | | C．it may cause some diseases | | D．it may make patients sad. |
小题2:If they report needle stick injuries, medical students will __________.| A．receive treatment | B．be forbidden to use sharp needles | | C．spend more time on training | D．receive tests |
小题3:The underlined word “blunt” in Paragraph 7 is the closest in meaning to “__________”.| A．not sharp | B．not safe | C．not long | D．not thick |
小题4:What do we know from the passage?| A．Doctors who don’t report needle stick injuries will be punished. | | B．Needle sticks among health care workers will reduce sharply in the future. | | C．Most needle stick injuries happen in the United States. | | D．Two suggestions are given to protect medical workers and students. |
小题5:Where can this passage most probably be found?| A．In an entertainment magazine | B．In a science magazine | | C．In a storybook | D．In science fiction |
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The first day of school our professor introduced himself and challenged us to get to know someone we didn"t already know. I stood up to look around, when a gentle hand touched my shoulder.
I turned around to find a wrinkled, little old lady with a warm smile. She said, "Hi handsome. My name is Rose. I"m eighty-seven years old.”
"Why are you in college at such a young age?" I asked. She replied, "I"m here to meet a rich husband, get married, have a couple of kids and then retire(退休) and travel..."
I knew she was joking. I was curious what might have motivated her to be taking on this challenge at her age.
"I always dreamed of having a college education and now I"m getting one!" she told me.
We became friends. Every day we would talk nonstop after class. I was always interested in listening to this "time machine" as she shared her wisdom and experience with me. And Rose easily made friends wherever she went.
At the end of the term we invited Rose to make a little speech. She cleared her throat and began, "We do not stop playing because we are old; we grow old because we stop playing. I’ve learned a few secrets to staying young, being happy, and achieving success. You have to laugh and find humor every day. You"ve got to have a dream. When you lose your dreams, you die.”
“There is a huge difference between growing older and growing up. Anybody can grow older. That doesn"t take any talent or ability. The idea is to grow up by always finding the opportunity in change.
“Have no regrets. The elderly usually don"t have regrets for what we did, but rather for things we did not do……"
小题1:When the writer and Rose first met, they began their talk in a_______ way.| A．serious | B．polite | C．formal | D．humorous |
小题2:Which of the following has the similar meaning to the underlined word “motivated” in the fourth paragraph?| A．encouraged | B．persuaded | C．taught | D．forced |
小题3:Rose went to college in order to _______.| A．meet a rich husband | B．make new friends | | C．get a college education | D．get a better job |
小题4:The writer considered Roses as a “time machine” because__________.| A．she always came to class on time. | | B．she make friends easily at college. | | C．she knew the difference between growing older and growing up | | D．she enjoyed a long life and had lots of wisdom and experience. |
小题5:From this passage we know Rose believed_________.| A．“The early bird catches the worm” | | B．“It is never too late to learn” | | C．“A bird in the hand is worth two in the bushes” | | D．“One false step will make a great difference.” |
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Everyone has heard of the San Andreas fault （断层）, which constantly threatens California and the West Coast with earthquakes. But how many people know about the equally serious New Madrid fault in Missouri?
Between December of 1811 and February of 1812, three major earthquakes occurred, all centered around the town of New Madrid, Missouri, on the Mississippi River. Property damage was severe. Buildings in the area were almost destroyed. Whole forests fell at once, and huge cracks opened in the ground, releasing some strong smell chemicals.
The Mississippi River itself completely changed character, developing sudden rapids and whirlpools (激流和漩涡). Several times it changed its course, and once, according to some observers, it actually appeared to run backwards. Few people were killed in the New Marid earthquakes, probably simply because few people lived in the area in 1811; but the severity of the earthquakes are shown by the fact that the shock waves rang bells in church towers in Charleston, South Carolina, on the coast. Buildings shook in New York City, and clocks were stopped in Washington, D.C.
Scientists now know that America"s two major faults are essentially different. The San Andreas is a horizontal boundary between two major land masses that are slowly moving in opposite directions. California earthquakes result when the two masses make a sudden move.
The New Madrid fault, on the other hand, is a vertical fault; at some points, possibly hundreds of millions of years ago, rock was pushed up toward the surface, probably by volcanoes under the surface. Suddenly, the volcanoes cooled and the rock collapsed, leaving huge cracks. Even now, the rock continues to settle downwards, and sudden sinking motions cause earthquakes in the region. The fault itself, a large crack in this layer of rock, with dozens of other cracks that split off from it, extends from northeast Arkansas through Missouri and into southern Illinois.
Scientists who have studied the New Madrid fault say there have been numerous smaller quakes in the area since 1811; these smaller quakes indicate that larger ones are probably coming, but the scientists say they have no method of predicting when a large earthquake will occur.
小题1:This passage is mainly about ___________.| A．current scientific knowledge about faults | | B．the San Andreas and the New Madrid faults | | C．the causes of faults | | D．the New Madrid fault in Missouri |
小题2:The New Madrid fault is __________.| A．a vertical fault | | B．a horizontal fault | | C．a more serious fault than the San Andreas fault | | D．responsible for forming the Mississippi River |
小题3:This passage implies that _________. .| A．horizontal faults are more dangerous than vertical faults | | B．Vertical faults are more dangerous than horizontal faults | | C．The volcanoes that caused the New Madrid fault are still alive | | D．A lot of people would die if the 1811 New Madrid earthquakes happened today |
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