Recently, scientists have developed a wireless brainmachine interface that help
题型：不详难度：来源：
Scientist Frank Guenther and his colleagues reveal a brainmachine interface that uses electrodes implanted directly into the brain for research into real time speech.
"It should soon be possible for extremely paralysed individuals who are incapable of speaking to produce speech through a laptop computer, " said Guenther.
The scientists worked with a 26-year- old male volunteer who experience near-total paralysis due to a stroke he suffered when he was 16. They implanted an electrode that had two wires into a part of the brain that help plan and execute movements related to speech. The electrode recorded brain signals when the volunteer attempted to talk and the wires spread them across the scalp(头皮)to help drive a speech synthesizer (合成器). The delay between brain activity and sound output was just 50 milliseconds on average, roughly the same with regular speech.
"He was quite excited, particularly on the first few days we used the system, as he got used to its properties, " Guenther recalled." I am sure the work proceeds slowly from his perspective, as it does from ours. Nonetheless, he was very excited about getting real-time audio feedback of his intended speech and happy to work very hard with us throughout the experiments."
"The current system uses data from just two wires. Within a year it will be possible to implant a system with 16 times as many." Guenther said." This will allow us to tap into neurons(神经元)，which in the end means better control over a synthesizer and thus better speech."
小题1:In the study of Guenther, electrodes are _______.
| A．fixed on the heads | B．put into the heads |
| C．tied to the heads | D．separated from the heads |
| A．movements | B．wires | C．brain signals | D．Scientists |
A. Wireless Device Are Used to Read Words in the Brain.
B. New Equipment Helps you read others’ mind.
C. Virtual tongue can make you speak fluently.
It is no secret what you are thinking in mind.
答案
解析
举一反三
The reason for the shortage lies in the structure of interferon. A special protein, the interferon produced from one animal species cannot be used in treating another animal species. In other words, to treat human beings, only interferon produced by human beings may be used. The drug is produced by infecting white blood cells with a virus. Fortunately, it is so effective that the amount given to each patient each time is very small.
Unlike antibiotics (抗生素), interferon does not attack germs directly. Instead, it protects healthy cells from being infected, and prevents the reproduction of viruses within cells.
As you might conclude, one of the most special uses of interferon has been in the treatment of cancer. Dr. Hans Strander, a research physician at Sweden’s famous Karolinska Institute, has treated more than one hundred cancer patients with the new drug. Among a group of selected patients who had received operations for advanced cancer, half were given traditional treatments and the other half were given interferon. Among those treated with interferon 70 percent of them remained alive over three years, as compared with only 10 to 30 percent among those who had received the traditional treatments.
In the United States, a large-scale project supported by the American Cancer Society is now under way. If the experiment were successful, interferon could become one of the greatest medical discoveries of our time.
小题1:What is the difference between antibiotics and interferon?
| A．Interferon has serious side effects, while antibiotics do not. |
| B．Antibiotics kill germs by attacking them directly, while interferon does not. |
| C．Antibiotics are very effective, while the effect of interferon is limited. |
| D．They are different in structure, although they are both proteins. |
| A．About 30. |
| B．About 50. |
| C．About 120. |
| D．About 70. |
| A．it is difficult to produce interferon in large quantities because of its special structure. |
| B．interferon is produced widely in lots of countries. |
| C．few of the patients who had received traditional treatments remained alive. |
| D．most of the patients who received interferon also needed traditional treatments. |
Scientists use just seven basic units to define all the other quantities we use — quantities such as speed or electric power. All of those basic units except the kilogram are themselves defined according to natural properties（属性）that are beyond human control.
For example, the standard second (time) is defined as a specific number of vibration（振动）of a type of radiation sent out by atom
s of a special metal. The standard metre (length), in turn, is defined as the length of the path light travels under certain conditions.Not so the kilogram. This orphan of the basic unit family is simply the mass of a small platinum-iridium alloy cylinder（铂—铱合金筒）locked away in a
container maintained by the International Bureau of Weights & Measures in Sevres, France, near Paris. Official bodies around the world have copies of the cylinder.Embarrassingly, the last time the copies were brought to Sevres for a checkup in the 1980s, officials found that some copies had gained about 20 parts per billion in weight compared to the master cylinder since the previous checkup in the 1940s. This implies that the master cylinder itself may be an inconstant standard.
Several efforts in several different countries are under way to redefine the kilogram according to basic physical quantities such as counting the actual number of atoms of a specific substance in a kilogram or the electromagnetic（电磁的）force that balances a kilogram mass against gravity. A project of the latter type at the laboratories in Gaithersburg, Md., hopes eventually to define mass by means of electrical units.
So far, none of these redefinition projects has borne fruit. They require the very accuracy of measurement and control of experimental conditions. The slightest influence — even a tiny change in weather — can ruin results. You’ve got to hand it to scientists who are willing to devote many years to such painstaking — but extremely important — research.
小题1: Compared with other basic units, the kilogram is ____.
| A．as accurate as other basic units |
| B．not universally accepted in the world |
| C．not defined according to natural properties |
| D．defined in the same way as other basic units |
| A．the causes of weight changes had been found |
| B．such kind of checks had been carried out regularly |
| C．the changes in weight challenged the definition of the kilogram |
| D．the consequences of such changes were great in research |
the passage, to define the weight of mass by means of electrical units ____.| A．is the only way to redefine the kilogram scientifically |
| B．has been accepted as the only possible redefinition project |
| C．is not as complicated as people understand |
| D．has been considered by some scientists as a better approach |
| A．Scientists will achieve success in redefining the kilogram in the near future |
| B．Some scientists are trying to redefine the kilogram according to basic physical quantities. |
| C．The redefining of the standard kilogram is quite complicated and can be affected by a number of factors. |
| D．A number of experiments are being carried out to redefine the kilogram. |
from experiences at an age when financial mistakes are not very costly．The amount of money that parents give to their children to spend as they wish differs from family to family. Timing is another consideration．Some children get a weekly allowance．Others get a monthly allowance．
In any case, parents should make clear what，if anything, the child is expected to pay for with the money．At first, young children may spend all of their allowance soon after they receive it. If they do this，they will learn the hard way that spending must be done within a budget．Parents are usually advised not to offer more money until the next allowance．
The object is to show young people that a budget demands a choice between spending and saving．Older children may be responsible enough to save money for larger costs，like clothing or electronics．Many people who have written on the subject of allowances say it is not a good idea to pay your child for work around the home．These jobs are a normal part of family life．
Paying children to do extra work around the house，however，can be useful．It can even provide an understanding of how a business works．
Allowances give children a chance to experience the three things they can do with money．They can share it in the form of gifts or giving to a good cause. They can spend it by buying things they want．Or they can save it.
Saving helps children understand that costly goals require sacrifice．You have to cut costs and plan for the future．Requiring children to save part of their allowances can also open the door to future saving and investing．Many banks offer services to help children and teenagers learn about personal finance.
A saving account is an excellent way to learn about the power of compound interest．
Compounding works by paying interest on interest．So，for example，one dollar invested at two per-cent interest for two years will earn two cents in the first year．The second years，the money will earn two percent of one dollar and two cents，and so on．That may not seem like a lot．But over time it adds up．
小题1:Giving an allowance, parents should consider all the following EXCEPT_______.
| A．how much the child should get each time | B．whether the child has made a budget |
| C．where the money really goes | D．how often a child can get it |
| A．what children learn by handling allowances may be beneficial in the future |
| B．children can learn to set up their own business with their allowances |
| C．keeping allowances in the bank is the best choice for children |
| D．it is not a good idea to pay children for housework at home |
| A．increasing curiosity to learn how to make more money |
| B．stronger power to hold one’s attention to saving money |
| C．money paid by the bank on your original money and the gain from it |
D．the sum of money that you earn from keeping your money in  the bank |
| A．Be Generous to Pay Your Children． | B．Be Wise to Avoid Financical Mistakes． |
| C．Saving Allowances Does Good to Children. | D．Allowances Help Children Learn about Money． |
Scientists say they are looking forward to a time when residents of future lunar or even Martian outsteps will be able to dine on fresh vegetables．Paragon Space Development Corporation has unveiled what it called the first step toward growing flowers——and eventually food on the moon．
This is a sealed greenhouse that looks like a bell jar encased in a 46-cm triangular aluminiumframe．It is designed to safely land a laboratory plant on the lunar surface，and protect it while it grows．
The miniature greenhouse is to be launched into space by Odyssey Moon Ltd, a participant in the Google Lunar X Prize. This competition offers $21 million to any entrant who can launch, land and operate a rover on the lunar surface.
Paragon officials say future testing of the “Lunar Oasis” will be driven by Odyssey’s flight Schedule, which will not happen until 2012 at the earliest．
When it does lift off the greenhouse will contain the seeds of Brassica, a hardy plant related to Brussels sprouts and cabbage. Because Brassica goes from seed to flower in just 14 days, it can complete its life cycle in a single lunar night.
“Colonizing the Moon or Mars seems so far away，but it is important that we do this research now. ”Paragon president Jane Poynter said．
“It takes a long time to get a lot of research, and to get integrated, reliable efficient systems before colonists move in. ”she said．
小题1:The article is written mainly to__________．
| A．predict the astronauts’ meals in the future |
| B．introduce an experiment “Lunar Oasis’’ |
| C．tell us the future development of astronomy |
| D．focus on the human’s great progress |
| A．astronauts can grow flowers in space at present | |
| B．Paragon and NASA will carry out the test separately | |
C．Lunar Oasis is a series of experiments carried out in space | D．the earliest testing of the Lunar Oasis may be in 2012 |
| A．plants | B．wild beasts | C．human beings | D．scientists |
| A．their life cycle is much shorter |
| B．they are more nutritious than other food |
| C．they are related to Brussels sprouts and cabbage |
| D．they are very delicious |
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从36---55所给的四个选项（A、B、C、D）中，选出最佳选项。
The first day of school our professor introduced himself and challenged us to get to know a new classmate. I stood up to 36 when a gentle hand 37 my shoulder. I turned around to find a wrinkled, little old lady looking up at me with a 38 .
She said, “Hi. My name is Rose. I’m eighty-seven years old. Can I give you a 39 ?” I laughed and enthusiastically responded, “Of course you may!” and she gave me a giant squeeze (an act of pressing).
“Why are y
ou in college at such a young, 40 age ?”I asked. “I always dreamed of having a 41 experience and now I’m getting 42 !” she told me.Later, we became close friends. Every day we would leave class together and she 43 her wisdom and 44 with me. Over the course of the year, Rose became a (an) 45 icon（偶像） and she easily made friends wherever she went.
At the 46 of the term we invited Rose to speak at our football banquet. I’ll never forget what she taught us. When she was 47 , frustrated and a little embarrassed, she cleared her 48 and said, “We do not stop playing because we are old; we 49 old because we stop playing. There are only two secrets to staying 50 , being happy, and achieving success. You have to laugh and find 51 every day. You’ve got to have a dream. When you lose your dreams, you 52 .”
One week after graduation Rose died 53 in her sleep. Many college students attended her funeral in tribute to（悼念）the wonderful woman who taught us by 54 that it’s never too late to 55 all you can possibly be.
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