A four-year study of 200 college students found that those who drink heavily and
题型：不详难度：来源：
A four-year study of 200 college students found that those who drink heavily and started drinking at an early age demonstrate poor decision-making skills, just like long-term, chronic(长期的) alcoholics. Researchers at the University of Missouri-Columbia believe early onset binge drinking negatively affects psychological development.
The researches examined college students between the ages of 18 and 22. After three years, they tested them using the Iowa Gambling Test, which measures the tendency to make immediate (disadvantageous) or long-term (advantageous) choices.
Based on the students’ reported drinking habits, they were grouped into four categories: low binge drinkers, moderate binge drinkers, increasing binge drinkers and stable or high binge drinkers.
“Students in the stable or high alcohol use category, who had longer histories of binge drinking, made riskier and less advantageous choices, which reflect problems associated with planning for the future,” the researchers reported.
The study also found that only students who started binge drinking when they were younger showed impairment on the task.
“There is reason to think that heavy binge drinking during adolescence, when the brain is still rapidly developing, may have some negative legacy (遗传) on psychological development,” said Kenneth J. Sher of MU’s Midwest Alcoholism Research Center in a news release. “The interesting thing is that if we were to just look at binge drinkers and how impaired they are in the decision-making process as juniors, we’d really be obscuring(使模糊) the important issue, which is how long they’ve been binge drinkers and / or how early they started.”
小题1:What does the passage mainly tell us?| A．Four categories of heavy drinkers. | | B．Heavy drinking affects college students. | | C．Early onset binge drinkers are poor at decision-making. | | D．People drinking at an early age will develop into binge drinkers. |
小题2:Which category would make the most disadvantageous choice? | A．Low binge drinkers | B．moderate binge drinkers | | C．Increasing binge drinkers | D．Stable binge drinkers |
小题3:Early onset binge drinking negatively affects psychological development because _______.| A．adolescent students were not suitable for drinking | | B．drinking too much will slow the growth of the brain | | C．the brain has not fully developed during adolescence | | D．drinking will make the students make dangerous choices |
小题4:What Kenneth J. Sher says suggests that _______. | A．he is quite clear about what the important issue is | | B．if binger drinkers started late, there would be no bad effect | | C．the important issue is how impaired the students are in decision-making | | D．only early binge drinkers will have their decision-making ability affected |
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答案
小题1:C
小题2:D
小题3:C
小题4:A |
解析
试题分析：文章介绍了一个研究结果，在年轻的时候就长期喝酒的年轻人在做决定方面很差，分析了原因和问题。
小题1:主旨题：从文章第一段的句子：A four-year study of 200 college students found that those who drink heavily and started drinking at an early age demonstrate poor decision-making skills, just like long-term, chronic(长期的) alcoholics.可知很早就喝酒的年轻人不擅长做决定。选C
小题2:细节题：从第三段的句子：“Students in the stable or high alcohol use category, who had longer histories of binge drinking, made riskier and less advantageous choices, which reflect problems associated with planning for the future,”可知长期或经常喝酒的年轻人可能做出最不好的选择。选D
小题3:细节题：从第四段的句子：There is reason to think that heavy binge drinking during adolescence, when the brain is still rapidly developing, may have some negative legacy (遗传) on psychological development,”早早就开始喝酒的年轻人大脑没有得到很好的发展。选C
小题4:细节题：从最后一段的句子：we’d really be obscuring(使模糊) the important issue, which is how long they’ve been binge drinkers and / or how early they started.”可知 Kenneth J. Sher
认为重要的事情是很明显的。选A
点评：阅读本文时要注意作者组织本文的结构：引题——论据——论点，只有把握了作者的中心论点，做题时才不会偏离议论中心。题目设置重点是推理题，通过文章的重点句子，理解作者的真正意图。 |
举一反三
On Jan. 3, a netizen（网民）nicknamed “Programmer Humor”published a short story on his micro-blog. It said that there was an old lady who swept nearly every inch of his Internet company. When she passed by a programmer, she took a look at the codes on the programmer’s computer and kindly reminded him, “Be careful, the stack is overfilled!”
Certainly, it is a casual and fictitious（虚构的）story made up by the micro-blogger. However, no one would have guessed that the short blog would eventually cause the first great Internet meme（网络快速爆红现象） of 2011 in China. Suddenly, the mysterious “Sweeping Old Lady” is showing up nearly everywhere and reminding professionals of their mistakes. From 8 a. m. on Jan. 5, some netizens collected stories of the “Sweeping Old Lady” and found she had appeared to give advice in 150 kinds of careers. A netizen even said he had met with a similar situation in real life.
Actually, the “Sweeping Old Lady” is not new figure, but is based on the “sweeping monk （和尚）”in Louis Cha’s famous Kung fu novel of “Tian Long Ba Bu”. The “sweeping monk” is an old monk and does the lowest class of work in Shaolin Temple, but he is actually the No. 1 master in the noel both in Kung fu and in the study of Buddhism.
The “Sweeping Old Lady” is also a great modest master. Lots of netizens wish that they could have such a lady beside them to give them precious suggestions at a key time.
Although there may be 1,000 “Sweeping Old Ladies” in 1,000 people’s minds, it cannot prevent the “Sweeping Old Lady” from becoming the most popular figure on the Internet.
“Programmer Humor” said he is just a programmer in the real world and once he saw the story about the “Sweeping Old Lady,” he wrote it down in his micro-blog because it was funny. He never knew who the original writer of the story was and never thought the story could be so popular.
小题1:What quality does the “Sweeping Old Lady” have?| A．Honest and knowledgeable. | B．Modest and patient. | | C．Modest and knowledgeable. | D．Honest and patient. |
小题2:Which description about the “Sweeping Old Lady” is right?| A．She is an old lady good at sweeping the Internet. | | B．She is just an imaginary figure created by a netizen. | | C．She is well-know as the old “sweeping monk.” | | D．She likes to give instructions everywhere. |
小题3:What can we infer from the text?| A．The sweeping old lady is always looking down on the people around her. | | B．We should ask sweeping old lady for advice when meeting with difficulties. | | C．People want to have a “Sweeping Old Lady” nearby to do the cleaning. | | D．We shouldn’t judge a person by his or her appearance and we’d better respect everyone. |
小题4:What does the author think of the “Sweeping Old Lady”?| A．She should be praised and respected. | | B．She shouldn’t mind others’ business. | | C．She should go in for network. | | D．She shouldn’t show off before professionals. |
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Most people have heard the sound of bees among flowers. Bees live almost everywhere in the world except in the Arctic areas.
Many kinds of agriculture depend on these small, social insects. Without bees, fruit and nut growers as well as many other farmers would not have a crop.
There are more than 20,000 kinds of bees. But only honey bees make enough honey for people to use. Honeybees are highly-organized social insects. They work together in a group, called a colony（群体）. Each colony lives in a hive（蜂房）. It contains one queen bee -- she lays all the eggs from which the members of the colony come. Each colony has only a few hundred males, called drones. The majority of all bees in a colony are workers, which are all females.
Bees even have a special stomach, called a honey stomach, which is used to store sweet fluid that the bees gather from flowers. Bees also have long hairs on their body and legs. These hairs capture pollen（花粉） as bees go from flower to flower. Some of the pollen is taken back to the hive. Some, however, is passed to the next flower. This is how many plants are fertilized. Pollen is the reproductive material of plants. Many important agricultural crops depend on bees for fertilization.
Inside their hives, bees store sweet liquid from flowers and pollen as well. They may even gather sweet liquid from some other kinds of insects. These kinds of sweet liquid are also stored in the hive.
Bees make honey through a process. They add liquid from their own mouths to sweet liquid into simple sugar. As the honey is stored, it dries. It becomes thicker and darker.
Although bees are often thought of as honey makers, they provide a surprising number of products. Also, their greatest economic value is in fertilizing crops-not in making honey.
小题1:The passage is mainly about .| A．bees and their colony | | B．the way for bees to pass pollen | | C．bees and agriculture | | D．the process for bees to make honey |
小题2:Honeybees are social insects because .| A．they work in groups | B．there is queen bee in every colony | | C．they live in a hive | D．each of them does the same job |
小题3:The most valuable thing honeybees do for people is in .| A．making honey | B．fertilizing crops | | C．making flowers grow better | D．producing pollen |
小题4:The word “fertilize” in the sentence “This is how many plants are fertilized” probably means “ ”.| A．to make plants strong and productive | | B．to make soil rich for plants | | C．to start the development of young flowers | | D．to introduce pollen into plants |
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For generations here in the deepest South, there had been a great taboo（禁忌）: publicly crossing the color line for love. Less than 45 years ago, marriage between blacks and whites was illegal, and it has been forbidden for much of the time since.
So when a great job about an hour’s drive north of the Gulf Coast attracted him, Jeffrey Norwood, a black college basketball coach, had reservations. He was in a serious relationship with a woman who was white and Asian.
“You’re thinking about a life in South Mississippi?” his father said in a skeptical voice, recalling days when a black man could face mortal（致命的） danger just being seen with a woman of another race, regardless of intentions. "Are you sure?"
But on visits to Hattiesburg, the younger Mr. Norwood said he liked what he saw: growing diversity. So he moved, married, and, with his wife, had a baby girl, who was counted on the last census（人口普查） as black, white and Asian. Taylor Rae Norwood, three, is one of thousands of mixed-race children who have made this state home to one of the nation"s most rapidly expanding multiracial populations, up 70 percent between 2000 and 2010, according to new data from the Census Bureau.
In the first comprehensive accounting of multiracial Americans since statistics were first collected about them in 2000, reporting from the 2010 census, made public in recent days, shows that the nation’s mixed-race population is growing far more quickly than many researchers had estimated, particularly in the South and parts of the Midwest. That conclusion is based on the bureau’s analysis of 42 states; the data from the remaining eight states will be released soon.
In North Carolina, the mixed-race population doubled. In Georgia, it grew by more than 80 percent, and by nearly as much in Kentucky and Tennessee. In Indiana, Iowa and South Dakota, the multiracial population increased by about 70percent.
Census officials estimated the national multiracial growth rate was about 35 percent since2000 according to the known result, when seven million people ----- 2.4 percent of the population ------ chose more than one race.
小题1:If a black man married a white woman 50 years ago, the worst result was that _____.| A．he was sentenced to death | B．he was considered to be immoral | | C．he was criticized by the public | D．he was treated as a lawbreaker |
小题2:The underlined word “serious” in Paragraph 2 can be replaced by “____”.| A．stable | B．bad | C．mixed | D．dangerous |
小题3:What can we infer from Paragraph 4?| A．Jeffrey Norwood was born in Hattiesburg and grew up there. | | B．Taylor Rae Norwood’s mother is a white-Asian. | | C．70 percent of the people in Mississippi are multiracial. | | D．Mississippi has the largest multiracial population in the US. |
小题4:Which of the following states had the fastest growth rate of mixed-race population?| A．Georgia. | B．Tennessee. | C．North Carolina. | D．South Dakota. |
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Every ten years there is a national census （人口普查）to count the number of people. The Census Office asks every household to answer questions on a census form.
The census counts...
● the number of people in each area
● the numbers of men and women and whether they are single, married, widowed or divorced
● how many children there are, how many teenagers, people in their twenties, thirties, forties... retired people and so on
The census counts people by...
● the kind of housing they live in
● the country in which they were born
● the kind of job they do and how they travel to work
Some uses of the census:
Housing: to work out present and future needs we must know how people are housed now, and the sizes and ages of their families.
Hospitals, schools and other local services: the size of annual grants made by the Government to these services depends largely on the numbers and needs of people in the area. Many of the figures come from the census.
Planning: the census shows how many people have moved from one area to another and how the local workforce is changing. This information is used when factories, offices, shops, public transport and places for leisure are being planned.
In strict confidence
The census is taken in order to provide figures about the nation as a whole; it does not give information about any named person, family or household.
Names and addresses are needed to take the census accurately, but they are not fed into the computer. After the census, the forms are locked away and will not be released to anyone outside the Census Office for 100 years.
The answers you give on your census form will be treated in strict confidence. NO one outside the Census Office will see your completed form. Everyone working on the census is sworn to secrecy and can be charged if he or she improperly reveals information.
小题1:The writer is mainly ________ in this passage.| A．persuading people to support census | | B．giving information about the importance and practice of census | | C．showing the government’s determination in conducting census | | D．warning people not to provide inaccurate information |
小题2:The census is not interested in ________.| A．how many houses you have | B．how old you are | | C．what your job is | D．how much money you have |
小题3:The census shows the changes that have taken place regarding ________.| A．the size of hospitals in the area | | B．the types of public transport in the area | | C．the number of people who work in the area | | D．the use of power in the area |
小题4:The following statements are true except _________.| A．the information is not fed into a computer | | B．the census gives information about the whole country | | C．the people who don’t work on the census will not see the completed forms | | D．it is illegal for people to disclose the confidential information on census |
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Maybe ten-year-old Elizabeth put it best when she said to her father, “But, Dad, you can’t be healthy if you’re dead.”
Dad, in a hurry to get home before dark so he could go for a run, had forgotten to wear his safety belt－a mistake 75% of US population makes every day. The big question is why.
There have been many myths about safety belt ever since their first appearance in cars some forty years ago. The following are three of the most common.
Myth the Number One: It’s best to be “thrown clear” of a serious accident.
Truth: Sorry, but any accident serious enough to “throw you clear” is able to be serious enough to give you a very bad landing. And chances are you’ll have traveled through a windshield(挡风玻璃) or door to do it. Studies show that chances of dying after a car accident are twenty－five times in cases where people are “thrown clear”.
Myth Number Two: Safety-belts “trap” people in cars that are burning or sinking in water.
Truth: Sorry again, but studies show that people knocked unconscious(昏迷) due to not wearing safety belts have a greater chance of dying in these accidents. People wearing safety belts are usually protected to the point of having in these accidents. People wearing safety belts are usually protected to the point of having a clear head to free themselves from such dangerous situation, not to be trapped in them.
Myth Number Three: Safety belts aren’t needed at speeds of less than 30 miles per hour(mph).
Truth: When two cars traveling at 30 mph hit each other, an unbelted driver would meet the windshield with a force equal to diving headfirst into the ground from a height of 10 metres.
小题1:Why did Elizabeth say to her father, “But, Dad, you can’t be healthy if you’re dead”?| A．He was driving at a great speed. | | B．He was running across the street. | | C．He didn’t have his safety belt on. | | D．He didn’t take his medicine on time. |
小题2:The reason why father was in a hurry to get home was that he .| A．wasn’t feeling very well | | B．hated to drive in the dark | | C．wanted to take some exercise | | D．didn’t want to be caught by the people |
小题3: According to the text, to be “thrown clear” of a serious accident is very dangerous because you .| A．may be knocked down by other cars. | | B．may get serious hurt thrown out of the car | | C．may find it impossible to get away from the seat | | D．may get caught in the car door |
小题4:Some people prefer to drive without wearing a safety belt because they believe .| A．the belt prevents them from escaping in an accident | | B．they will be unable to think clearly in an accident | | C．they will be caught when help comes | | D．cars catch fire easily |
小题5:What is the advice given in the text?| A．Never drive faster than 30 miles an hour. | | B．Try your best to save yourself in a car accident. | | C．Never forget to wear the safety belt while driving. | | D．Drive slowly while you’re not wearing a safety belt. |
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