Facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationsh
题型：不详难度：来源：
Facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationships. For example, in American culture (文化) the smile is in general an expression of pleasure. Yet it also has other uses. A woman’s smile at a police officer does not carry the same meaning as the smile she gives to a young child. A smile may show love or politeness. It can also hide true feelings. It often causes confusion (困惑) across cultures. For example, many people in Russia smiling at strangers in public to be unusual and even improper. Yet many Americans smile freely at strangers in public places (although this is less common in big cities). Some Russians believe that Americans smile in the wrong places; some Americans believe that Russians don’t smile enough. In Southeast Asian culture, a smile is frequently used to cover painful feelings. Vietnamese people may tell a sad story but end the story with a smile.
Our faces show emotions (情感), but we should not attempt to “read” people from another culture as we would “read” someone from our own culture. The fact that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another does not mean that they do not experience emotions. Rather, there are cultural differences in the amount of facial expressions permitted. For example, in public and in formal situations many Japanese do not show their emotions as freely as Americans do. When with friends, Japanese and Americans seem to show their emotions similarly.
It is difficult to generalize about Americans and facial expressiveness because of personal and cultural differences in the United States. People from certain cultural backgrounds in the United States seem to be more facially expressive than others. The key is to try not to judge people whose ways of showing emotion are different. If we judge according to our own cultural habits, we may make the mistake of “reading” the other person incorrectly.
小题1:What does the smile usually mean in the U.S.?| A．Love. | B．Politeness. | C．Joy. | D．Thankfulness. |
小题2:The author mentions the smile of the Vietnamese to prove that smile can ___ .| A．show friendliness to strangers | | B．be used to hide true feelings | | C．be used in the wrong places | | D．show personal habits |
小题3:What should we do before attempting to “read” people?| A．Learn about their relations with others. | | B．Understand their cultural backgrounds. | | C．Find out about their past experience. | | D．Figure out what they will do next. |
小题4:What would be the best title for the test?| A．Cultural Differences | B．Smiles and Relationship | | C．Facial Expressiveness | D．Habits and Emotions |
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答案
小题1:C
小题2:B
小题3:B
小题4:C |
解析
【文章大意】
本文是一篇议论文。文章阐述了面部表情取决于情景和人们之间的关系。文章通篇阐述了面部表情的种种表现形式，以及文化之间的差异导致的面部表情的含义不同。
小题1:根据文章第一段中的“in American culture (文化) the smile is in general an expression of pleasure”可知，在美国文化中，一般地说，微笑是快乐的表情。此处joy是pleasure的同义词。故选C。
【考点定位】考查细节理解。
小题2:根据文章第一段中的“It can also hide true feelings. It often causes confusion (困惑) across cultures.”可知这是一个中心句，其后用例证法阐述：微笑能隐藏真正的感情。它常常导致跨文化间的困惑。其中越南人讲故事的例子就是为了说明这一观点。故选B。
【考点定位】考查作者的写作意图。
小题3:根据文章最后一段中的“The key is to try not to judge people whose ways of showing emotion are different. If we judge according to our own cultural habits, we may make the mistake of “reading” the other person incorrectly.”可知，我们在“读”人们的表情的时候，要先理解他们的文化背景，否则，就会出错。
【考点定位】考查判断推理。
小题4:文章通篇阐述了面部表情的种种表现形式，以及文化之间的差异导致的面部表情的含义不同。所以C正确。
【考点定位】考查文章的标题。 |
举一反三
Among various programs, TV talk shows have covered every inch of space on daytime television. And anyone who watches them regularly knows that each one is different in style(风格). But no two shows are more opposite in content, while at the same time standing out above the rest, than the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey shows.
Jerry Springer could easily be considered the king of “rubbish talk”. The contents on his show are as surprising as can be. For example, the show takes the ever-common talk show titles of love, sex, cheating, and hate, to a different level. Clearly, the Jerry Springer show is about the dark side of society, yet people are willing to eat up the troubles of other people’s lives.
Like Jerry Springer, Oprah Winfrey takes TV talk show to its top. But Oprah goes in the opposite direction. The show is mainly about the improvement of society and different quality(质量) of life. Contents are from teaching your children lessons, managing your work week, to getting to know your neighbors.
Compared to Oprah, the Jerry Springer show looks like poisonous waste being poured into society. Jerry ends every show with a “final word”. He makes a small speech about the entire idea of the show. Hopefully, this is the part where most people will learn something very valuable.
Clean as it is, the Oprah show is not for everyone. The show’s main viewers are middleclass Americans. Most of these people have the time, money, and ability to deal with life’s tough problems. Jerry Springer, on the other hand, has more of a connection with the young adults of society. These are 18-to-21-year-olds whose main troubles in life include love, relationship, sex, money and drug. They are the ones who see some value and lessons to be learned through the show’s exploitation.
小题1:Compared with other TV talk shows, both the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey are ______.| A．more interesting. | B．very popular. | | C．more detailed. | D．more formal. |
小题2:Though the social problems Jerry Springer talks about appear unpleasant, people who watch the shows ______.| A．remain interested in them. | | B．are ready to face up to them. | | C．remain cold to them. | | D．are willing to get away from them. |
小题3:Which of the following is likely to be a topic of the Oprah Winfrey show?| A．A new type of robot. | B．Nation hatred(憎恨). | | C．Family income planning. | D．Street accident. |
小题4:We can learn from the passage that the two talk shows ______.| A．have become the only ones of its kind. | | B．exploit the weaknesses in human nature. | | C．appear at different times of the day. | | D．attract different people. |
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URBANA, ILL. (AP)--Mike dropped out of college to support his pregnant(***的) girlfriend and now works as a manager of a trucking company, Lynn graduated with honors from Harvard University and was hired as a lawyer with a top law firm in a major city. What do these two people have in common? Ten years ago they were both high school valedictorians (致告别辞者).
A University of Illinois study follows the lives of 81 valedictorians and salutatorians (致词的学生代表) who graduated a decade ago from public and private high schools in the state.
Tales of Success and Failure
The study found tales of success and failure. The research on 46 women and 35 men found that some were doctors and scientists, one was a drug addict, another was a waitress with emotional problems.
"There is a popular idea about people who do well in school doing well in life," said Terry Denny, professor of education. Denny conducted the study with Karen Arnold, a former graduate student of Denny" s who is now a professor at Boston College. Denny and Arnold contacted the 81 students before graduation, and then followed up with interviews nearly every other year. They also sent them questionnaires in the mail.
Varied Careers
One-third of the students are lawyers, or have a doctorate. Nineteen are in business and 15 are engineers or computer scientists. Others include a farmer, a stock broker, and an aerobics instructor.
Arnold says many of the students have only average positions in the work world and that "most are not headed for greatness in their careers." Denny, however, says that it is too early to make such predictions. "Who expects someone to be on the Supreme Court at the age of 28 or to be the discoverer of an important scientific invention right after college?" he said. "These students are just getting started in life. They are just beginning to find out what life is all about."
小题1:What can we conclude from Paragraph 1?| A．Mike got married before he went to college. | | B．Lynn was honored by a law firm in the city. | | C．Mike was not so lucky as Lynn after graduating from college. | | D．Mike and Lynn both graduated first in their high school class. |
小题2:According to the article Denny is probably older than Arnold because .| A．Denny was her professor | | B．Arnold did well at school. | | C．Denny interviewed some students | | D．Arnold helped Denny in the research |
小题3:What is probably the best title for the article?| A．Successful Careers for College Graduates | | B．Success in Education Predicts Success in Later Life | | C．High School Honors Not Always Key to Life Success | | D．A study on Successful Jobs and College Graduates |
小题4:Who probably wrote this article?| A．College graduates | B．Reporters | | C．Professors and researchers | D．Teachers |
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Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It selves directly to bring about a rapid sale of goods at reasonable prices, so setting up a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at good prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps greatly to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it causes an increased need for labor, and is therefore a nice way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television program would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or subway would cost more.
And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a promise of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Besides the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for the public has the good sense not to buy the poor article more than once. If you see an article frequently advertised, it is the proof I know that the article does what is promised for it, and that it has good value.
Advertising does more for the good of the public than any other force I can think of.
There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television person declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was telling us the real difference. Of course advertising tries to persuade.
If its message were nothing but information, that would be difficult to get more people to buy, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is a bit persuasive-advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television person wants.
小题1:By the first sentence of the passage the writer means that . | A．he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising | | B．everybody knows well that advertising is a waste of money | | C．advertising costs more money than everything else | | D．money spent on advertising is worth while |
小题2:In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?| A．Getting greater fame. | B．Providing more jobs. | | C．Raising living standards. | D．Reducing newspaper cost. |
小题3:The author thinks that the well-known TV person is .| A．quite right in passing his judgment on advertising | | B．interested in nothing but the buyer’s attention | | C．correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information | | D．obviously unfair in his views on advertising |
小题4:In the author’ opinion . | A．advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information | | B．advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over | | C．there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer | | D．the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement |
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In choosing a friend, one should be very careful. A good friend can help you study. You can have fun together and make each other happy. Sometimes you will meet fair-weather friends. They will be with you as long as you have money or luck, but when you are down, they will run away. How do I know when I have found a good friend? I look for certain qualities (品质) of character, especially understanding, honesty and reliability (可靠).
Above all else, I look for understanding in a friend. A good friend tries to understand how another person is feeling. He is not quick to judge. Instead, he tries to learn from others. He puts himself in the other person"s place, and he tries to think of ways to be helpful. He is also a good listener.
At the same time, however, a good friend is honest. He does not look for faults (过错) in others. He notices their good points. In short, a friend will try to understand me and accept me.
Another quality of a friend is reliability. I can always depend on (信赖) a good friend. If he tells me he will meet me somewhere at a certain time, I can be sure that he will be there. If I need a favor, he will do his best to help me. If I am in trouble, he will not run away from me.
There is a fourth quality that makes a friend special. A special friend is someone with whom we can have fun. We should enjoy our lives, and we would enjoy our friendship. That is why I especially like friends who are fun to be with. A good friend likes the same things I like. We share experience (经验) and learn from each other. A good friend has a good sense of humor (幽默), too. He likes to laugh with me. That is how we share in the joy of being friends. And I know that he is looking for the same quality in me.
When I meet someone who is reliable, honest, and understanding, I know I"ve found a friend!
小题1:Which of the following qualities the writer thinks is the most important in choosing a friend?| A．understanding. | B．honesty. | | C．reliability. | D．a sense of humor. |
小题2:If you have fair-weather friends, ______ .| A．they will give you all that they have when you need help | | B．you will be refused when you get into trouble | | C．you will become rich | | D．you can be sure that you get real friends |
小题3:Good friends need to ______.| A．always point out each other"s mistakes | | B．be helped with money | | C．understand each other"s feelings | | D．have money or luck |
小题4:This passage mainly discuss ______ .| A．the qualities of a friend | | B．where to choose friends | | C．how to get along with friends | | D．the importance of having a friend |
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阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
I found the imagination of becoming a grandmother somewhat discouraging. I was younger than I thought a grandmother should be when I got the news that I was going to become one myself. I admit, it was not a role that I was emotionally ready to accept. I had been a young mother, and had certainly hoped my daughter would not face that same challenge. I remarried when she was a teenager, and then had two more children. On getting the news that she was expecting(***), I remember thinking “What do I know about being a grandmother? —I haven’t even finished raising my own kids yet!” I don’t like to be unprepared, so I read a few books about grandparenting. That gave me a little help, but I was still uncertain. I thought about other grandmothers I knew, and got a few ideas I liked and a few more that I didn’t. But I couldn’t quite figure out what kind of grandmother I wanted to be. Then I thought about my own grandmother, Granny, as she’s known by most people, and I knew I had the answer.
I didn’t realize it until that moment, but my own grandmother was the example for the kind of grandmother I wanted to be. I am fortunate that I got to spend a lot of time with my grandparents when I was a little kid. Here is what I learned from my Granny：
Grandmothers always have a cookie jar. For my whole life, Granny always had a cookie jar full of cookies. When I was a little tiny girl, just at eye level with the counter, Granny would get the cookie jar down for me. When I was a little older I learned how to pull the chair over so I could reach. As I got taller, if I really stretched, I could reach the cookie jar with my finger tips and move it close enough to get it down off the counter to find out what kind of treat was inside. Always the first thing I did when I went to Granny’s house was check the cookie jar, and there were always cookies in it. Many years later, I’ll drive my own children to Granny’s house and the first thing to do is get us all a cookie.
So grandmothers must have a cookie jar, and on my granddaughter’ s first Christmas，my daughter bought me my own cookie jar. She said when they came to see me，her daughter would find the treat the way she did and I did.
小题1:The writer thought it was a little discouraging to be a grandmother because________.| A．she was not old enough to be one | | B．she was not emotionally ready to be one | | C．she thought her daughter was too young to be a mother | | D．grandmother should be older than she was |
小题2:The underlined phrase “that same challenge ” in the first paragraph refers to “________” | A．taking care of a grandchild | | B．taking care of a baby | | C．being a young grandmother | | D．being a young mother |
小题3:It can be inferred from the last paragraph that________.| A．the writer has many happy memories of her grandmother’s cookie jar | | B．the writer always wanted to know what was inside her grandmother’s cookie jar | | C．the writer often drove her grandchildren to see her grandmother’s cookie jar | | D．women of the writer ‘s age all have a cookie jar for their grandchildren |
小题4:What kind of grandmother did the writer want to be?| A．One who has a jar filled with many kinds of cookies for children and herself. | | B．One who grows up with her grandmother^ cookie jar with all kinds of cookies. | | C．One who is like her own grandmother with a cookie jar to treat her grandchildren. | | D．One who always makes different kinds of cookies to treat her grandchildren. |
小题5:Which of the following can be the best title of this text?| A．Grandmother’s Cookie Jar | | B．Grandmother’s Treat for Children | | C．Grandmothers and Grandchildren | | D．Happy Memories of Cookies |
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