Johann Gutenberg, who worked as a goldsmith (金匠), took what had already been dis
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Johann Gutenberg, who worked as a goldsmith (金匠), took what had already been discovered, and created a small invention that changed history. He created a machine that allowed him to move small blocks of letters in such a way that written material could be printed and mass-produced. Few people could read before Guttenberg made the invention, but once books became less expensive, more Europeans could read and write.
Block printing existed long before Gutenberg. The Chinese had been using wood blocks to print books as early as 868, but a new set of woodcuts (木刻印版) had to be made for each book. Producing one book was not easy; producing all kinds of books was more difficult.
Writing ink dates from about 2500 BC in Egypt and China. Gutenberg used an oil-based printing ink that would last longer than other inks used in his time. We don’t know much about Gutenberg because he was not famous during his lifetime. He was born in Germany about 1400. In 1448, Gutenberg developed signatures for each number, letter, and punctuation mark (标点符号). He then built the molds (模型) to hold the signatures in place. Gutenberg published the first mass-produced book: a 1,282 page Bible. To this day, more copies of the Bible have been printed than any other book.
Copies of Gutenberg’s invention spread throughout Europe, but the German goldsmith did not get rich from his invention. Some officials denounced the invention of printing because they feared that it would spread bad ideas. By 1500 there were 1,700 printing presses in Europe. The presses had already produced about 20 million volumes (册) of 40,000 different books.
小题1:What happened after Johann Gutenberg’s invention?| A．People could afford to read books. | | B．People became interested in inventing. | | C．It was still difficult to print all kinds of books. | | D．Punctuation mark began to be used in printing. |
小题2: Compared with block printing in China, Johann Gutenberg’s method _____. | A．was difficult to run | | B．needed harder paper | | C．used a new kind of ink | | D．was put into use earlier |
小题3:The underlined word “denounced” in the last paragraph means _____. | A．fought against | B．accepted | | C．laughed at | D．supported |
小题4:What is the best title for the text?| A．A famous 1,282 page Bible | | B．The life of a famous inventor | | C．An invention that changed history | | D．The development of printing |
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答案
小题1:A
小题2:C
小题3:A
小题4:C |
解析
试题分析：本文主要讲述的是Johann Gutenberg,所发明出的新型的印刷方法改变了整个人类的历史。
小题1:A 细节题。根据文章第一段最后一句Few people could read before Guttenberg made the invention, but once books became less expensive, more Europeans could read and write.可知在他的发明出现以后，很多人都可以阅读和写作了。故A正确。
小题2:C 细节题。根据文章第三段1,2行Writing ink dates from about 2500 BC in Egypt and China. Gutenberg used an oil-based printing ink that would last longer than other inks used in his time可知他使用的是一种新型的墨水。故C正确。
小题3:A 推理题。根据本句. Some officials denounced the invention of printing because they feared that it would spread bad ideas可知很多官员反对这项发明，是担心它会传播一些坏的思想。故A正确。
小题4:C 主旨大意题。本文主要讲述的是Johann Gutenberg,所发明出的新型的印刷方法改变了整个人类的历史。故C正确。
点评：本文主要讲述的是Johann Gutenberg,所发明出的新型的印刷方法改变了整个人类的历史。本文细节题居多，答题时在文章找到对应的地方，用笔进行标记，这有利于后期有时间检查时可以立刻找到答案的位置。仔细理解作者所讲的意思，再结合选项，通过排除法和自己对全文的把握，选出正确答案。 |
举一反三
England has been the birthplace of most of the great English-language theater written throughout history. Most of the plays in England that are truly famous have something in common. They usually come from a playwright(剧作家) with several famous plays.
Shakespeare
William Shakespeare is considered the most famous British playwright. Shakespeare has a large catalog(目录) of tragedies, comedies and history plays, and each category is home to some of the most famous plays ever written. Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, Othello and Julius Caesar are all tragedies and performed in theaters around the world every year. Famous comedies include A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Much Ado About Nothing. In the history category, Richard Ⅲ and Henry Ⅴ are very famous.
Oscar Wilde and George Bernard Shaw
Several hundred years after Shakespeare, English people began to enjoy the works of Oscar Wilde and George Bernard Shaw. Wilde’s plays are still popular now, and The Importance of Being Earnest is both performed and studied extremely frequently. A Woman of No Importance and An Ideal Husband are among his other famous works. Shaw and Wilde were born within a few years of each other, but Shaw was a much more productive writer. His most famous plays include Pygmalion and Candida. Shaw’s plays are loved so much that an entire theater company is devoted to performing his work in Niagara-on-the-Lake in southern Ontario.
Harold Pinter
The plays of Harold Pinter certainly have an international presence. His writing was so widely recognized for its importance that he was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature in 2005. Pinter is especially known for his style of writing. Many of his plays such as Betrayal, The Dumb Waiter and his first play, The Room, are extremely well known.
小题1:The writer wrote this passage to .| A．advise us to spend more time enjoying plays | | B．explain why England has so many wonderful plays | | C．tell us about some famous British playwrights and their works | | D．tell us the differences among some British playwrights |
小题2:What do the works in the underlined part in Paragraph 2 have in common?| A．They are all Shakespeare’s early works. | | B．They are all tragedies written by Shakespeare. | | C．They are all Shakespeare’s famous comedies. | | D．They all belong to the history category of Shakespeare’s plays. |
小题3:Which of the following plays were most probably written in the same period of time?| A．The Dumb Waiter and A Woman of No Importance. | | B．Richard Ⅲ and A Woman of No Importance. | | C．An Ideal Husband and Candida. | | D．Candida and Betrayal. |
小题4:Who was mentioned in this passage that he had received the Nobel Prize because of his writing?| A．William Shakespeare. | B．Oscar Wilde. | | C．George Bernard Shaw. | D．Harold Pinter. |
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Bungee jumping is not a new activity. Men on Pentecost Island in the South Pacific have been doing land jumping for hundreds of years. The men tie long vines(藤) from plants around their ankles（踝关节）. They spend days building tall towers out of vines and logs(圆木). Then they jump off them.
According to their beliefs, the first land diver was a woman. She decided to run away from her rude husband. So she climbed up a tall tree and tied some vines around her feet. Her husband also climbed up the tree and tried to catch her, but the woman jumped and the man followed. The vines saved her life, but her husband died.
This ancient custom caught the interest of some students at Oxford University in England. In the late 1970s, they formed a group called the Dangerous Sports Club. They were some of the first people to test several of what are now called extreme sports. They are said to have invented modern bungee jumping.
In the spring of 1979, members of the group jumped off the Clifton Suspension Bridge in Bristol, England. They were attached to the bridge by a bungee cord, a long elastic rope that stretches. The group soon received even more attention when they organized a bungee jump off the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, California.
A man named A. J. Hackett of New Zealand decided to make the sport into a business. He started developing bungee ropes and material with a friend. They held a major jump in 1987 off the famous Eiffel Tower in Paris, France. They later got permission to open the first bungee jumping operation on the Kawarau Bridge in Queenstown, New Zealand. Many people paid 75 dollars to jump off the bridge with a bungee cord attached to their ankles.
小题1:The second paragraph tries to tell us________________.| A．a story about a woman land diver | | B．the beginning of modern bungee jumping | | C．the beginning of land jumping on Pentecost Island | | D．a story about a brave woman and her rude husband |
小题2:The underlined word them in the first paragraph refers to__________.| A．plants | B．tall towers | C．vines | D．logs |
小题3: The Dangerous Sports Club first caught people’s attention when they jumped off_________.| A．the Eiffel Tower | B．the Kawarau Bridge | | C．the Golden Gate Bridge | D．the Clifton Suspension Bridge |
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__小题1:__ This was not because the woods and fields were always far away, but because they were too far from the city to permit people to make a day trip between morning and nightfall.
___小题2:___ He decided to turn his little school house into a dormitory for the summer holidays. Anyone who brought his sleeping bag and cooking equipment along could stay there for a very small quantity of money. The idea was a success. A few years later, the school house was much too small to hold the many young people who wanted to stay there. ___小题3:___ This was the first hostel (青年招待所).
Today, young students and workers of every country can meet in the hostel and get to know each other. When young people arrive at the hostel, they have only to show their cards of membership in a hostel organization in their own country. ___小题4:___
Often, at the evening meal, a group of boys and girls from various parts of the country or world will happen to meet at the same hostel. They may put their food together and prepare a dinner with many kinds of dishes. Sometimes a program will be organized after the meal with dances, songs, or short talks followed by a question period．___小题5:___ For this reason, a few weeks spent ‘hostelling’ can be just as useful a part of one’s education as classes in school.| A．In 1970, a young German school master had an idea which changed this situation. | | B．People can stay in the hostel if they brought enough equipment with them. | | C．One can learn a lot about other places, just by meeting people from those places. | | D．As a result, a dormitory was set up in an old castle nearby. |
E. For years, children in the industrial areas of Europe seldom left their cities to see the beauties of the countryside.
F. More and more young people went to the hostel for summer holidays.
G. This card will permit them to stay in a hostel all over the world for very low prices. |
Most Americans would have a difficult time telling you, specifically, what the values are which Americans live by. They have never given the matter any thought.
Over the years I have introduced thousands of international visitors to life in the United States. This has caused me to try to look at Americans through the eyes of foreign visitors, I am confident that the values listed in this booklet describe most （but not all ）Americans, and that understanding these values can help you, the international visitor, understand Americans.
It is my belief that if foreign visitors really understand how deeply these 13 values are ingrained in Americans, they will then be able to understand 95% of American actions —actions which might otherwise appear “strange,”“ confusing,” or “unbelievable” when evaluated from the perspective （aspect） of the foreigner"s own society and its values.
The different behaviors of a people or a culture make sense only when seen through the basic beliefs, assumptions and values of that particular group. When you encounter （meet） an action, or hear a statement in the United States which surprises you, try to see it as an expression of one or more of the values listed in this booklet.
小题1: An ordinary American can"t tell you his / her value system because______.| A．this is something an American lives by | | B．everyone will have his/her own system | | C．he/she has never thought about it | | D．values are something often in their thought |
小题2: The author lists 13 values in his booklet to_____.| A．invite foreigners to visit America | | B．look at Americans through the eyes of foreign visitors | | C．describe the confusing actions of most Americans | | D．help international visitors understand Americans |
小题3:The underlined word “ingrained” in Line 2, Paragraph 3 most probably means ______.| A．rooted in the minds | B．found in the grains | | C．planted for food | D．prepared with grain |
小题4: Visitors sometimes find Americans behave in a strange, confusing or unbelievable way, probably because___.| A．Americans are hard to understand | | B．Americans have values which are entirely different from their own | | C．they view Americans according to the values in their own society | | D．it is difficult to understand any people when you first encounter them |
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Argentina in the late nineteenth century was an exciting place. Around 1870, it was experiencing an economic(经济的)boom, and the capital, Buenos Aires, attracted many people. Farmers, as well as a flood of foreigners from Spain and Italy, came to Buenos Aires seeking jobs. These jobs didn′t pay well, and the people felt lonely and disappointed with their new life in the city. As the unhappy newcomers mixed together in the poor parts of the city, the dance known an the tango(探戈舞)came into being
At the beginning the tango was a dance of the lower classes. It was danced in the bars and streets. At that time there many fewer women than men, so if a man didn′t want to be left out, his only choice was to dance with another man so that he could attract the attention of the few available women. Gradually, the dance spread into the upper classes of Argentinean society and became more respectable.
In Europe at this time, strong interest in dance from around the world was beginning
The interest in international dance was especially evident in Paris. Every kind of dance from ballet(芭蕾舞)to belly dancing could be found on the stages of the Paris theaters of the Paris theaters. After tango dances from Argentina arrive in Europe, they began to draw the interest of the public an they performed their exiting dance in cafes, Though not everyone approved of the new dance, saying it was a little too shocking, the dance did find enough supporters to make it popular.
The popularity（流行）Of the tango continued to grow in many other parts of the world. Soldiers who returned to the United States from World War I brought the tango to North America, It reached Japan in 1926, and in 2003 the Argentinean embassy in Seoul hired a local tango dancer to act an a kind of dance ambassador, and promote tango dancing throughout South Korea.
小题1:The origin of the tango is associated with
A Belly dances B. American soldiers
C. Spanish city D. the capital of Argentina
小题2: Which of the following is true about the tango?| A．It was created by foreigners from Spain and Italy. | | B．People of the upper classes loved the tango most | | C．It was often danced by two male in the beginning | | D．A dancer in Seoul became the Argentinean ambassador. |
小题3:Before World War I, the tango spread to | A．America | B．Japan | | C．France | D．South Korea |
小题4:What can be the best title for the text?| A．How to Dance the Tango | B．The History of the Tango | | C．How to Promote the Tango | D．The Modern Tango Boom |
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