It was a simple letter asking for a place to study at Scotland’s oldest universi
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It was a simple letter asking for a place to study at Scotland’s oldest university which helped start a revolution in higher education. A 140-year-old letter written by a lady calling for her to be allowed to study medicine at St Andrews University has been discovered by researchers. Written by Sophia Jex-Blake in 1873, the seven-page document, which urged the university to allow women to study medicine at the institution, was released yesterday on International Women’s Day.
The document was discovered buried in the university archives (档案) by part-time history student Lis Smith, who is completing her PhD at St Andrews Institute of Scottish Historical Research. She said: “We knew that Sophia Jex-Blake and her supporters, in their effort to open up university medical education for women, had written to the Senatus Academicus (校评议委员会) at St Andrews in an attempt to gain permission to attend classes there, but we didn’t know documentary evidence existed. While searching the archives for information about the university’s higher certificate for women, I was astonished to come across what must be the very letter Jex-Blake wrote.”
In the letter, Sophia and her supporters offered to hire teachers or build suitable buildings for a medical school and to arrange for lectures to be delivered in the subjects not already covered at St Andrews. Although her letter was not successful, it eventually led to the establishment of the Ladies Literate in Arts at St Andrews, a distance-learning degree for women. The qualification, which ran from 1877 until the 1930s, gave women access to university education in the days before they were admitted as students. It was so popular that it survived long after women were admitted as full students to St Andrews in 1892.
Ms Jex-Blake went on to help establish the London School of Medicine for Women in 1874. She was accepted by the University of Berne, where she was awarded a medical degree in January 1877. Eventually, she moved back to Edinburgh and opened her own practice.
小题1:Sophia wrote a letter to St Andrews University because she wanted _______.| A．to carry out a research project there | | B．to set up a medical institute there | | C．to study medicine there | | D．to deliver lectures there |
小题2: Lis Smith found Sophia’s letter to St Andrews University _______.| A．by pure chance | | B．in the school office | | C．with her supporters’ help | | D．while reading history books |
小题3:Sophia’s letter resulted in the establishment of _______.| A．the London School of Medicine for Women | | B．a degree programme for women | | C．a system of medical education | | D．the University of Berne |
小题4:When did St Andrews University begin to take full-time women students?| A．In 1873. | | B．In 1874. | | C．In 1877. | | D．In 1892. |
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答案
小题1:C
小题2:A
小题3:B
小题4:D |
解析
一封尘封了140年的写给大学的来信，促使了妇女学位课程的创立。该信的发现纯属偶然，那是一位女士向St Andrews 大学写的学医申请信。
小题1:细节理解题。难度中等。
【解题思路】根据第一段第二句中“... to be allowed to study medicine at St Andrews University…”可知，她想学医，故C项正确。
小题2:细节理解题。难度中等。
【解题思路】根据第二段第一句“The document was discovered buried in the university archives …”，可知，此信的发现纯属偶然，故A项正确。
小题3:细节理解题。难度中等。
【解题思路】根据第三段第二句中“…a distance-learning degree for women”，可知此信促使了妇女学位课程的创立，故B项正确。
小题4:细节理解题。难度中等。
【解题思路】根据第三段最后一句中“…St Andrews in 1892.”可知，此事发生在1892年，故D项正确。 |
举一反三
Japanese sailor Kenichi Horie has finished a 110-day solo (单独的) voyage across the Pacific Ocean in a boat pushed by sea waves to win another world first.
Weak waves and ocean water movements made his arrival late, which was going to be in late May.
“When waves were weak, the boat slowed down. That’s a problem that needs to be solved,” the adventure told reporters from his boat in western Japan. His 9.5-meter-long boat can move like a dolphin’s tail, and it rises or falls with the waves.
Horie reached his destination in the channel between the main Japanese islands just before midnight after covering about 7,000 kilometers from Hawaii.
Horie first made world record in 1962 when, at the age of 23, he became the first person to sail alone across the Pacific. He made the three-month voyage from his hometown in spite of breaking Japanese law, which did not allow his citizens to sail on their own out of the country, and without a passport or money.
He was arrested upon arrival in San Francisco but the city mayor freed him, gave him a 30-day visa and made him an honorary citizen. News of his achievement made him a hero back home in Japan and his book of the voyage In the Pacific was made into a film. Since then, he has completed many sailing trips across the Pacific and around the world.
After his latest adventure with an environmentally friendly theme, Horie planned to return to his hometown on Sunday. He said, “Throughout history, mankind has used wind for power, but no one has appeared to be serious about wave power.” Horie told the reporter, “I think I’m a lucky boy as this wave power system has remained untouched in fact.”
小题1:Horie’s boat was mainly powered by ________.| A．sea waves | B．sea winds | C．his strength | D．petrol |
小题2:From the passage we learn that ________.| A．Horie undertook the voyage with a partner this time | | B．it took Horie about twenty days more to cross the Pacific this time than in 1962 | | C．Horie made his first voyage across the Pacific alone fifty years ago | | D．Horie’s destination is 7,000 kilometers from San Francisco |
小题3:Horie was arrested in San Francisco after his voyage in 1962 mainly because ________.| A．he had broken Japanese law | | B．he had kept it a secret from others | | C．his action had put people in danger | | D．he had no passport to America |
小题4:Which of the following statements best proves that Horie’s latest voyage was meaningful?| A．He was made an honorary citizen of San Francisco. | | B．In Japan he was regarded as a hero. | | C．His voyage had the theme of protecting the environment. | | D．He wrote an exciting book after the voyage. |
小题5: The author wrote the article mainly to ________.| A．start an ocean crossing movement | | B．tell us a piece of interesting news | | C．make Horie known to the world | | D．encourage people to learn from Horie |
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Details of the latest James Bond film Skyfall have been shown to the public. It comes 50 years to the day after actor Sean Connery first played Bond — the superspy in Dr No.
The new film, known at the moment only as Bond 23, will be the third to star Daniel Craig as the secretagent (特工). Other names in the cast include Albert Finney, Javier Bardem and Ralph Fiennes.
British film-maker Sam Mendes, who won an Oscar for American Beauty, will direct the latest adventure.
Ajay Chowdhury, from the James Bond International Fan Club, said, “Daniel Craig’s third time as 007 has been looked forward to by Bond fans around the world. The fans have been made to wait extra long for this film since the global economiccrisis (经济危机) delayed the film for some time.”
“Mendes has an unusual way of directing, and with the acting gift and the precedent (先例) set by the previous two films in which Craig played Bond, Skyfall promises a Bond film where the sky may not be the limit.”
It is reported that the film will send 007 to South Africa and India to hunt for a criminal (犯罪的) organization. Other reported locations for filming include Duntrune Castle, near Lochgilphead in Argyll, Scotland, which is believed to be the spy’s home.
The film is set to be released in the UK this October.
Craig’ s performance as Bond gave new life to the film series, leading to the highest ever 007 box office (票房) takings of ￡367 million for his role in Casino Royale in 2006. Quantum of Solace, the most recent film in the series released in 2008, made ￡353 million.
小题1:According to the text, who will play Bond in film Skyfall?| A．Albert Finney. | B．Sean Connery. | | C．Daniel Craig. | D．Sam Mendes. |
小题2:Which of the following is NOT true according to the text?| A．Skyfall will be the last film of the 007 series. | | B．Bond first appeared on the screen about 50 years ago. | | C．Sam Mendes won an Oscar for American Beauty. | | D．Skyfall will be shot in South Africa and India. |
小题3:What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 5 mean?| A．Skyfall will also be a Bond film. | | B．Skyfall will be a great film. | | C．Skyfall will be longer than the previous ones. | | D．Skyfall will be set in the sky. |
小题4:What can we learn from the text?| A．The film Skyfall will be released later than planned. | | B．It is the first time that Daniel Craig has played Bond. | | C．Daniel Craig receives little attention from movie fans. | | D．Quantum of Solace has made the most money so far. |
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Ireland has had a very difficult history. The problems started in the 16th century when English rulers fried to conquer(征服) Ireland. For hundreds of years, the Irish people fought against the English. Finally, in 1921. The British government was forced to give independence to the south of Ireland. The result is that today there are two “Irelands”. Northern Ireland. In the north, is part of the united kingdom. The republic of Ireland. In the south. Is an independent country.
In the 1840s the main crop, potatoes ,was affected by disease and about 750,000 people died of bunger. This, and a shortage (短缺) of work , forced many people to leave Ireland and live in the USA, the UK, Australia and Canada. As a result of these problems, the population fell from 8.2 million in 1841 to 6.6 million in 1851.
For many years, the majority of Irish people earned their living as farmers. Today, many people still work on the land but more and more people are moving to the cities to work in factories and offices. Life in the cities is very different from life in the countryside, where things move at a quieter and slower pace.
The Irish are famous for being warm-hearted and friendly, Oscar Wilde, a famous Irish writer, once said that the Irish were “the greatest talkers since the Greeks”, Since independence, Ireland has revived(复兴) its own culture of music, language, literature and singing. Different are as have different styles of old Irish song which are sung without instruments. Other kinds of Irish music use many different instruments such as the violin, whistles, etc.
小题1:what does the author tell us in paragraph 1 ?| A．how the Irish fought against the English. | | B．how Ireland gained independence. | | C．how English rulers tried to conquer Ireland. | | D．how two ”Irelands” came into being. |
小题2:we learn from the text that in Ireland____________.| A．food shortages in the 1840s led to a decline in population | | B．people are moving to the cities for lack of work in the countryside | | C．it is harder to make a living as a farmer than as a factory worker | | D．different kinds of old Irish songs are all sung with instruments |
小题3:the last paragraph is mainly about____________.| A．the Irish character | | B．Irish culture | | C．Irish musical instruments | | D．a famous Irish writer |
小题4:what can be the best title for the text?| A．Life in Ireland | B．A very difficult history | | C．Ireland, past and present | D．the independence of Ireland |
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“All men are created equal” is one idea that nearly every American would agree upon. 36 they sometimes betray the idea in their daily lives, they have a deep faith 37 in some fundamental way no one is born superior to anyone else.
In the early years of American history, because titles of nobility(贵族) were forbidden, no 38 class system developed in the United States. Firmly believing that being born into a lower class would not 39 them from success and they would have a better chance in America, thousands of immigrants 40 to leave the European societies, where their 41 in life was determined 42 by the social class into which they were born. It was because the dreams of many of there immigrants were 43 in their new country, though there might be 44 in some situations, that Americans came to believe in equality of opportunity.
Americans do not mean that everyone should be 45 equal when they say they believe in equality of opportunity. 46 , they do mean that each person should have an equal chance for success. Abraham Lincoln once said, “We wish to 47 the humblest(最微贱的) man an equal chance to get rich with everybody else. When one starts poor, free society is 48 that he knows he can 49 his condition.”
However, competition is the price to be 50 for his equality of opportunity. Americans match their energy and intelligence against that of others in a competitive contest for success, because they believe competition 51 the best in any person. Indeed, the pressure of competition causes an American to be 52 , but it also places a constant emotional stress on him. In fact, in a society that gives so much 53 to those “winners”, 54 does not compete successfully for whatever reason never 55 into it as well as those who do.
| 小题1: | | A．Since | B．As | C．Although | D．Because |
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| 小题3: | | A．normal | B．moral | C．formal | D．general |
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| 小题4: | | A．benefit | B．prevent | C．save | D．limit |
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| 小题5: | | A．forced | B．required | C．chose | D．looked forward |
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| 小题6: | | A．place | B．meaning | C．function | D．purpose |
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| 小题7: | | A．slightly | B．largely | C．originally | D．publicly |
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| 小题8: | | A．come true | B．ruined | C．succeeded | D．realized |
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| 小题9: | | A．excitements | B．expectations | C．exceptions | D．disappointments |
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| 小题10: | | A．really | B．totally | C．actually | D．truly |
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| 小题11: | | A．Besides | B．Meanwhile | C．Moreover | D．Instead |
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| 小题12: | | A．allow | B．encourage | C．approve | D．share |
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| 小题14: | | A．enjoy | B．better | C．maintain | D．stand |
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| 小题15: | | A．paid | B．asked | C．cared | D．sought |
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| 小题16: | | A．gives out | B．comes out | C．brings out | D．stands out |
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| 小题17: | | A．exhausted | B．energetic | C．realistic | D．effective |
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| 小题18: | | A．honor | B．pressure | C．happiness | D．burden |
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| 小题19: | | A．anyone | B．who | C．one | D．whoever |
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| 小题20: | | A．enters | B．fits | C．falls | D．matches |
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For the first time in Hong Kong’s history, an entertainer has been written into middle school textbooks. He is considered one of the best actors in Hong Kong. Yes, he is Chow Yun-fat.
The example of his long hard struggle for success has been used in a chapter in a Hong Kong middle school textbook. Using his experience, students can learn to make the most of their time and to grab every opportunity to succeed．
On hearing about this, Chow said happily, “I really hope that my experiences can make young people understand that one should not be afraid of difficulties and setbacks (挫折), for they are the only way to success.”
Indeed, Chow has travelled a long and difficult path to reach his success. In 1955, he was born into a poor family in Hong Kong. When he was 17, he had to leave school. He worked in a number of jobs—as a postman, camera salesman and taxi driver. These experiences paved (铺路) the way for him to play all kinds of roles later in life.
Chow broke into the film industry in the late 1970s. He was one of the hardest working actors and starred in a number of popular TV dramas and films including “Shanghai Bund”(《上海滩》) and “A Better Tomorrow”. Since 1985, he has won many awards including Taiwan"s Golden Horse Awards and Hong Kong Film Awards.
In 1995, he went to Hollywood. Although he was already over 40, he had to learn English. He even put chopsticks in his mouth to practise pronouncing certain sounds. His film, “Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon”, began to gain him more fame and recognition around the world. In 1998, the mayor of Chicago set aside January 12 as “Chow Yun-fat Day”.
小题1:Chow Yun-fat has been written into middle school textbooks mainly because ________.| A．he plays best in Hong Kong | | B．he keeps on struggling for success | | C．his experiences are very special | | D．he is well thought of |
小题2:Chow felt ________ when he learned that he had been written into middle school textbooks.| A．surprised | B．shy | C．sad | D．happy |
小题3:What can we infer from the passage?| A．Chow Yun-fat is proud of his success. | | B．Chow Yun-fat prefers to make a living by selling cameras rather than by performing. | | C．Chow Yun-fat has won more awards than other actors. | | D．Chow Yun-fat is popular both at home and abroad. |
小题4:The underlined sentence (in paragraph 6) suggests ________. | A．chopsticks is of great help to practise English pronunciation | | B．Chow Yun-fat is willing to struggle with difficulties | | C．Chow Yun-fat has suffered a lot before he went to Hollywood | | D．it is hard for a person who is over 40 years old to learn spoken English |
小题5:The author wrote this passage to ________.| A．introduce Chow’s films | | B．praise Chow for his excellent performance | | C．call on people to learn from Chow | | D．show why Chow is popular |
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