Decision-making under StressA new review based on a research shows that acute st

Decision-making under StressA new review based on a research shows that acute st

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Decision-making under Stress
A new review based on a research shows that acute stress affects the way the brain considers the advantages and disadvantages, causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible negative (负面的) consequences of a decision.
The research suggests that stress may change the way people make choices in predictable ways.
“Stress affects how people learn,” says Professor Mara Mather. “People learn better about positive than negative outcomes under stress.”
For example, two recent studies looked at how people learned to connect images(影像) with either rewards or punishments. In one experiment, some of the participants were first stressed by having to give a speech and do difficult math problems in front of an audience; in the other, some were stressed by having to keep their hands in ice water. In both cases, the stressed participants remembered the rewarded material more accurately and the punished material less accurately than those who hadn’t gone through the stress.
This phenomenon is likely not surprising to anyone who has tried to resist eating cookies or smoking a cigarette while under stress –at those moments, only the pleasure associated with such activities comes to mind. But the findings further suggest that stress may bring about a double effect. Not only are rewarding experiences remembered better, but negative consequences are also less easily recalled.
The research also found that stress appears to affect decision-making differently in men and women. While both men and women tend to focus on rewards and less on consequences under stress, their responses to risk turn out to be different.
Men who had been stressed by the cold-water task tended to take more risks in the experiment while women responded in the opposite way. In stressful situations in which risk-taking can pay off big, men may tend to do better, when caution weighs more, however, women will win.
This tendency to slow down and become more cautious when decisions are risky might also help explain why women are less likely to become addicted than men: they may more often avoid making the risky choices that eventually harden into addiction.
小题1:We can learn from the passage that people under pressure tend to ______.
A.keep rewards better in their memory
B.recall consequences more effortlessly
C.make risky decisions more frequently
D.learn a subject more effectively
小题2:According to the research, stress affects people most probably in their ______.
A.ways of making choicesB.preference for pleasure
C.tolerance of punishmentsD.responses to suggestions
小题3:The research has proved that in a stressful situation, ______.
A.women find it easier to fall into certain habits
B.men have a greater tendency to slow down
C.women focus more on outcomes
D.men are more likely to take risks

答案

小题1:A
小题2:A
小题3:D
解析
议论文,文章标题为压力下的决策,主要介绍了面对压力时人们往往能够找到积极的方面忽略消极的方面而且面对压力时,男性更容易采取冒险的策略。
小题1:主旨题,原文第一段大意是面对压力的环境,人们会想到积极的东西,忽视消极的东西,故选A。
小题2:考查细节题,题干词为research,定位于第二段,原文说 stress may change the way peoplemake choices(压力可能改变人们做选择的方式).,故选A。
小题3:考查细节题,题干关键词为 stressful situation,定位于第三段最后一句话。即In stressful situation in which risk-taking can pay off big, men tend to do better, when caution weighs
more, however, women will win.(在压力情况下,如果冒险的回报很大,男人们会做的更好,但是,谨慎更重要时,女人们做的更好) ,D选项说男人们更倾向于冒险,故选D。
举一反三

"What"s it like to have a gap between your teeth?" a girl asked me one day.
Nobody had ever _. 36 _  before. My hand unconsciously rose to cover my mouth. But, as she looked at me, sincerely waiting for__ 37__, 1 realized she was not trying to be rude. "I never think about it," I truthfully replied. She nodded and turned away. I was left wondering if people _38__ me and saw only gappy teeth.
Later that day at home, I began to __39 __ my teeth again. I felt upset. I thought my life would be somehow better if my teeth were not gappy. How I wanted the perfect teeth that everyone else seemed to have!
Of course, Mom   40  everything . She has lived her entire life with gappy teeth, and tried to convince me that there was nothing to __41__. When I refused to listen, she told me I could get the surgery to close the gap if it was that important. "Let"s be   42__, though," she said. "If everyone got surgeries to become pretty, everyone would be exactly the same. There is beauty in differences."
Her __43__ made me consider my teeth seriously. The thought of losing my gap was more terrible than the reality that people were going to notice it. I realized how important it was to me. It is part of my  44 _.
Nowadays many people do ridiculous things to realize their dream of "perfection." The__45_ is that no one is perfect. When all potential for ugliness is removed, so is all of the potential for   46__.
So if that girl ever asked about my teeth   47___, I would truthfully answer. "You know? It"s really cute."
小题1:
A.facedB.guessedC.askedD.imagined
小题2:
A.an offerB.an answerC.a suggestionD.a result
小题3:
A.heard ofB.thought ofC.talked aboutD.looked at
小题4:
A.considerB.brushC.coverD.appreciate
小题5:
A.admittedB.noticedC.controlledD.changed
小题6:
A.worry aboutB.put offC.give upD.wipe out
小题7:
A.friendlyB.lovelyC.honestD.helpful
小题8:
A.wordsB.jokesC.dreamsD.acts
小题9:
A.abilityB.decision C.goalD.identity
小题10:
A.possibilityB.purposeC.truthD.choice
小题11:
A.courageB.wisdomC.kindnessD.beauty
小题12:
A.onceB.againC.tooD.instead

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When Glen Kruger picked a small cat from an animal shelter, he did not expect much.  Yet right from the start, eight years ago, there was an uncommon connection between him and the small black cat.  He     36   her Inky.
“ I grew up on a hundred-acre farm and had only cats    37    playmates ,” Kruger,
The seventy-year-old man , says. “My hearing was damaged by the    38    of farm equipment , so I learned to connect with    39  .  They react to what they see and what you do.  ”
Inky was a gentle cat,       40     the house with five other cats.  But on a January night in 2009,  Inky did    41     that would set her apart from    42     cats forever.
Kruger had gone down to the basement to     43      the wood stove for the night.  When he was finished, he     44     to the top of the stairs and reached to  turn off the lights. In doing so , he slipped and    45      his back against an old shelf.  The heavy shelf came crashing down and sent Kruger down the stairs.
     46    in a pool of blood on the basement floor, Kruger felt     47    going into shock(休克).  He shouted for help ,      48      his wife, Brenda , was asleep in their      
bedroom at   the opposite end of the house.     49      Kruger noticed Inky watching from the top of the stairs.
“Go get Brenda, ” Kruger said to Inky.
Inky    50     to the bedroom door and scratched     51     until Brenda opened it.  Then Inky led her to  the     52     Brenda found her husband     53      the stairs and called 911.  Kruger was rushed to the hospital. “I spent six months   54   therd,” 
Says Kruger .  “Although I became lame , I was blessed. ” Since the accident, Inky has   55     
Left Kruger’s side.       
小题1:
A. gaveB. choseC.namedD.remembered
小题2:
A. likeB. asC. exceptD.among
小题3:
A. soundB. alarmC.noiseD.voice
小题4:
A. animalsB. friendsC.farmersD.neghbors
小题5:
A. sharingB. visitingC.dividingD.discovering
小题6:
A. anythingB. nothingC.somethingD.everything
小题7:
A. familiarB. lovelyC.ordinaryD.outstanding
小题8:
A. shut outB. shut offC.shut downD.shut up
小题9:
A. marchedB. flewC.struggledD.climbed
小题10:
A. bentB. hitC.shookD.pulled
小题11:
A. FallingB. LyingC.AppearingD.Thinking
小题12:
A. itB. itselfC.himD.himself
小题13:
A. andB. butC.orD.so
小题14:
A. ThusB. OtherwiseC.ThenD.Rather
小题15:
A. walkedB. ranC.returnedD.withdrew
小题16:
A. rapidlyB. suddenlyC.madlyD.urgently
小题17:
A. bedroomB. basementC.yardD.house
小题18:
A. at the bottom of B. in the middle of
C. at the top ofD. in the front of
小题19:
A. regretting B. restingC.relaxingD.recovering
小题20:
A. neverB. everC.stillD.already

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Astronauts on shorter shuttle missions(使命)often work very long days.  Tasks are scheduled so tightly that break times are often used to finish the day’s work.  This type of schedule is far too demanding for long missions on the International  Space Station(ISS).  ISS crewmembers usually live in space for at least a quarter of a year. They work five days on and two days off to mimic the normal way they do things on Earth as much as possible . Weekends give the crew valuable.  Weekends give the crew valuable time to rest and do a few hours of  housework.  They can communicate with family and friends by email , internet phone and through Private video conferences.
While astronauts cannot go to a baseball game or a movie in orbit, there are many familiar activities that they can still enjoy . Before a mission.  The family and friends of each ISS crewmember put together a collection of family photos, messages, videos and reading material for
The astronauts to look at when they will be floating 370 kilometers above the Earth.  During their mission, the crew also receives care packages with CDs, books, magazines, photos and letters . And as from early 2010, the internet became available on the ISS , giving astronauts the chance to do some “web surfing (冲浪)”in  their personal time.  Besides relaxing with these more common entertainments, astronauts can simply enjoy the experience of living in space.
Many astronauts say that one of the most relaxing things to do in space is to look out the window and stare at the universe and the Earth’s vast land mass and oceans.
小题1:What does the word “mimic ”in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A. FindB. Copy
C.ChangeD.Lose
小题2:Which of the following best describes the families of the astromauts on the ISS ?
A. The are caring and thoughtful.
B. The are impatient and annoyed.
C. The are impatient and annoyed.
D. The are excited and curious.
小题3:In the final paragraph, the author shows that astronauts          .
A. get more pleasure in space than on the Earth
B. find living in space a bit boring and tiring
C. regard space life as common
D. love to see the Earth from space
小题4:The passage mainly discusses how astronauts          .
A. work for longer missions in space
B. connect with people on the Earth
C. observe the Earth from space
D. spend their free time in space

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Inside the pleasingly fragrant café, So All May Eat(SAME) in downtown Denver, the spirit of generosity is instantly noticeable: A donation box stands in place of a cash register. Customers here pay only what they can afford, no questions asked.
A risky business plan, perhaps, but SAME Café has done one unchangeable thing in the Mile High City for six years: Open only at midday, the restaurant provides poor local people with healthy, delicious lunches six days a week. Those unable to pay for their meals can instead volunteer as waiters and waitresses, and dishwashers, or look after the buildings and equipment for the cafe.
“It’s based on trust, and it’s working all right” , says co-owner Brad Birky , who started the café in 2006. With his wife Libby. Previously volunteering at soup kitchens, the Birkys were dissatisfied with the often unhealthy meals they served there.
“We wanted to offer quality food in a restaurant where everyone felt comfortable ,regardless of their circumstances,” Birky says. SAME’s special lunch menu changes daily and most food materials are natural and grown by local farmers.
The café now averages 65 to 70 customers (and eight volunteers) a day. And the spirit of generosity behind the project appears to be spreading. In early 2007,one volunteer who had cleared snow for his meals during the long winter said goodbye to the Birkys,” He said he was going to New Orleans to help with the hurricane cleanup,” says Birky.
小题1:What can we learn about the soup kitchens the Birkys prcviously worked for?
A.They refused to have volunteers.
B.They offered low quality food.
C.They provided customers with a good environment.
D.They closed down because of poor management.
小题2:According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?
A.The customers who cannot pay can word as volunteers in stead.
B.More volunteers will go to new Orleans for the hurricane cleanup.
C.Many new cafes will be opened to offer free lunches in the town.
D.The lunch menu has remained the same since the café was started.
小题3:The author’s attitude towards running such a café is_______
A.unfavorable
B.approving
C.doubtful
D.cautious

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“Imagine you are walking along the road. Suddenly you fall over and all the passers-by burst into laughter. You feel very  1  and think the world is laughing at you . But in fact, five minutes later, they have  2   it ever happened.” The other day when I came across these words in an article, I didn’t agree with the  3  .
The author thinks the best thing to do in this kind of  4 is to pretend nothing has happened, and so avoid  5  trouble.
I admit that we should keep  6  because “Your tears will only remind others of what happened, while your  7  can let them forget it.” But this is far from satisfactory. We should do 8  to make things better.
I used to be a(n)  9  girl and not very good at maths. Our new maths teacher asked me a question and I still remember how I hung my head in  10  when I couldn’t answer it.
“If you don’t know the answer, just tell me.” the teacher said, “If you don’t how can I know   11  you know the answer or not?” All of my classmates burst into laughter. My face turned red but the teacher  12  me to go to the blackboard and  13  what I knew. If I had  14  the words in the article, I would have given up. But I tried my best. And to everyone’s  15 , I succeeded! The teacher smiled and said, “Well done! I  16  you could do it!”
Since then, I have become active in maths as  17  as in other subjects. I used to think doing maths exercises was a waste of time. But now, I know  18  I do can make things better. Everyone is the  19  of his own fate.
If we make mistakes, we should take on an active 20  . Laugh, and the world laughs with you; weep(哭泣), and you weep alone.
小题1:
A.nervousB.excited C.afraid D.embarrassed
小题2:
A.realizedB.recognized C.forgotten D.remembered
小题3:
A.speaker B.reader C.author D.announcer
小题4:
A.environmentB.surroundingC.condition D.situation
小题5:
A.ordinaryB.extra C.common D.usual
小题6:
A.confident B.smart C.calm D.strong
小题7:
A.smile B.worry C.courageD.satisfaction
小题8:
A.anything B.something C.nothingD.everything
小题9:
A.shy B.energeticC.happy D.clever
小题10:
A.joy B.prideC.shame D.surprise
小题11:
A.what B.that C.when D.whether
小题12:
A.forced B.invited C.asked D.pushed
小题13:
A.bring upB.put downC.think about D.show off
小题14:
A.obeyed B.doubted C.refused D.understood
小题15:
A.expectation B.disappointment C.surprise D.delight
小题16:
A.hoped B.knew C.doubtedD.regretted
小题17:
A.long B.far C.soon D.well
小题18:
A.whoever B.wheneverC.wherever D.whatever
小题19:
A.architect B.owner C.host D.controller
小题20:
A.position B.attitudeC.value D.response

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