Labor force is defined as being the total number of people who are availabl
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Labor force is defined as being the total number of people who are available to work and earn
income. This definition includes everyone who is employed or seeking paid employment, so it includes
employers and the self-employed. Labor is one of the country"s resources which can be combined with
other resources to produce the goods and services wanted by the community.
Although the size of the workforce depends a great deal on the size of the total population, there are
several other influences which also affect it. The age distribution (分布) of the total population has a very
marked effect on the available workforce. If the population has a high proportion of very young people
or of those too old to work, then the available workforce would be lower than if there were a balanced
spread age distribution. If the population naturally grows rapidly, the number of births greatly exceeds
(超出) the number of deaths then as a total population increases proportion of the workforce declines.
Sometimes a population is described as aging which means that the birth rate is either falling or
growing very slowly, and as people retire from the workforce there are insufficient numbers of young
people entering it to replace those who are leaving it. In that situation the population is top-heavy with
older people. So the percentage of the population in the workforce declines when there is either a rapid
increase in births or a falling birth rate.
The age distribution of the population has several important effects on the economy. If the population
is aging and there is an increase in the number of people retiring without a corresponding increase in the
number entering the workforce, this raises the problem of the ability of the economy to provide a
reasonable level of social services to the retired group. If the aged are to be cared for in special homes,
finance must be available for that purpose. If the size of the workforce is small relative to the total
population, then the government tax revenue (税收) is relatively low and either the government has less
money available to it or the workforce members have to be taxed more heavily. |
| 1. In the passage "labor force" is defined as ___________. |
A. people who are available to work and earn income
B. self-employed people only
C. people who are looking for an employment
D. employers who create job opportunities |
| 2. The conclusion which can be drawn from the second paragraph is that___________. |
A. a natural growth of population leads to a balanced workforce
B. a large population does not necessarily mean a higher proportion of workforce
C. the larger the population, the higher the proportion of the workforce
D. the workforce will be lower, if the population has a balanced age distribution |
| 3. When a population is said to be aging, ___________. |
A. there are more people retiring than those entering the workforce
B. the birth rate must be growing
C. there should be an oversupply of workforce
D. There are more people entering the workforce than those retiring |
答案
| 1-3: ABA |
举一反三
It is said that there are about 40,000 different kinds of jobs in the world. 1
"Finding a job" is not the same as "choosing a job". Many young people end up in a job which they
are not suitable for. 2 . Here are a few steps to help you think about jobs which you might enjoy
doing after school or university.
First, it is important to realize what kind of person you are, which special qualities make you different
from everyone else and what you are interested in. 3 . If you like art and enjoy looking at pictures,
that is an interest. But if you can draw a horse that looks like a horse instead of a big dog, that is a skill.
Then ask yourself this question: in the following three areas ? skills with people, skills with information
and skills with things ? which are your best skills?
After examining your skills, the next step is research. To find out as many different kinds of jobs as
possible, go to the library and read books, magazines and newspapers. 4
Finally, trust your own ideas and your own thinking! 5
A. It is your own life, so find something that you enjoy doing.
B. Choosing the right one itself is a difficult job.
C. We must know what our ideal jobs are.
D. There is a difference between an interest and a skill.
E. Ask your friends about the work they do.
F. "Chance" may play a more important part than "decision"
G. Your parents may also give you some useful advice. |
| 完形填空。 |
I consider myself something of an expert on apologies. A quick temper has 1 me with plenty
of opportunities to make them. In one of my earliest 2 , my mother is telling me, "Don"t watch the
3 when you say "I"m sorry". Hold your head up and look the person in the 4 ,so he"ll know you
5 it. "
My mother thus made the key point of a (an) 6 apology: it must be direct. You must never 7
to be doing something else. You do not 8 a pile of letters white apologizing to a person 9 in
position after blaming him or her a mistake that turned out to be your 10 . You do not apologize
to a hostess (女主人), whose guest of honor you treat 11 , by flowers the next day without
mentioning your bad 12 .
One of the important things you should do for an 13 apology is a readiness to 14 the
responsibility (责任) for our careless mistakes. We are used to making excuses, which leaves no 15
for the other person to 16 us. Since most people are open-hearted, the no excuse apology leaves
both parties feeling 17 about themselves. That, after all, is the 18 of every apology. It 19 little
whether the apolagizer is wholly or only partly at fault: answering for one" s 20 encourages others
to take their share of the blame. |
( )1.A. provided
( )2.A. dreams
( )3.A. side
( )4.A. mind
( )5.A. imagine
( )6.A. useful
( )7.A. pretend
( )8.A. hold on
( )9.A. poorer
( )10.A. fault
( )11.A. cruelly
( )12.A. manners
( )13.A. active
( )14.A. raise
( )15.A. situation
( )16.A. advise
( )17.A. wiser
( )18.A. purpose
( )19.A. cares
( )20.A. facts | B. mixed
B. courses
B. ground
B. soul
B. enjoy
B. successful
B. forget
B. put aside
B. weaker
B. reason
B. freely
B. excuses
B. effective
B. perform
B. need
B. forgive
B. warmer
B. method
B. matters
B. states | C. compared
C. memories
C. wall
C. face
C. mean
C. equal
C. refuse
C. look through
C. worse
C. result
C. impolitely
C. efforts
C. extra
C. admit
C. sign
C. warn
C. better
C. end
C. depends
C. fights | D. treated
D. ideas
D. bottom
D. eye
D. regret
D. basic
D. expect
D. pick up
D. lower
D. duty
D. foolishly
D. roles
D. easy
D. bear
D. room
D. blame
D. cleverer
D. advantage
D. remains
D. actions |
| 阅读理解。 |
"You are going to the United States to live? How wonderful! You are really lucky."
Perhaps your family and friends said similar things to you when you left home. But does it true
all the time? Is your life in the new country always wonderful and exciting?
Specialists say that it isn"t easy to get used to life in a new culture. "Culture shock" is the term
specialists use when talking about the feelings that people have in a new environment. "There are
three stages of culture shock, "say the specialists. In the first stage, the newcomers like their new
environment. Then, when the fresh experience dies, they begin to hate the city, the country, the
people, and everything else. In the last stage, the newcomers begin to adjust to their surroundings
and, as a result enjoy their life more.
There are some obvious factors m culture shock. The weather may be unpleasant. The customs
may be different. The public service systems the telephone, post office, or transporta- tion maybe
difficult to work out. The simplest things seem to be big problems. The language may be difficult.
Who feels culture shock? Everyone does in this way or that. But culture shock surprises most
people. Very often the people having the worst culture shock are those who never had any difficulties
in their home countries and were successful in their community. Coming to a new country, these
people find they do not have the same established positions. They find themselves without a role,
almost without an identity.
They have to build a new self-image.
Culture shock gives rise to a feeling of disorientation (迷惘). This feeling may be homesickness.
When homesick, people feel like staying inside all the time. They want to protect themselves from
the strange environment, and create and escape inside their room for a sense of security. This escape
does solve the problem of culture shock for the short term, but it does nothing to make the person
familiar with the culture. Getting to know the new environment and gaining experience are the long
term solutions to the problem of culture shock. |
| 1. When people move to a new country, they ______. |
A. will get used to their new surroundings with difficulty
B. have well prepared for their new surroundings
C. will get used to the culture of the country quickly
D. will never be familiar with the culture of the country |
2. According to the passage, factors that give rise to culture shock include all of the following
except ______ |
A. language communication
B. weather conditions and customs
C. public service systems
D. homesickness |
| 3. According to the passage, the more successful you are at home, ______. |
A. the fewer difficulties you may have abroad
B. the more difficulties you may have abroad
C. the more money you" 11 earn abroad
D. the less homesick you" II feel abroad |
| 4. When people are homesick, they tend to ______. |
A. find some people to talk to
B. go outside to have a walk
C. visit their friends far away
D. stay indoors all the time |
| 阅读理解 |
Young adult filmmakers all hope to show their works in international festivals like Sundance and
Toronto. But what about really young filmmakers who aren"t in film school yet and aren"t.strictly
speaking. even adults ?
They are at the heart of Wingspan Arts Kids Film Festival. tomorrow. in a setting any director
might envy: Lincoln Center.Complete with "red carpet" interviews and various awards. thefestival
has much in common with events for more experienced moviemakers. except for the age of the
participants:about 8 t0 18.
" What"s really exciting is that it"s film for kids by kids. " said Cori Gardner, managing director of
Wingspan Arts, a nonprofit organization offering youth arts programs in the New York area. This year
the festival will include films not only from Wingspan but also from other city organizations and one
from a middle school in Arlington,Virginia. " We want to make this a national event." Ms Gardner
added.
The nine shorts to be shown range from a Claymation biography of B. B. King to a science fiction
adventure set in the year 3005. "A lot of the material is really mature. " Ms Gardner said, talking about
films by the New York City branch of Global Action Project,a media arts and leadership-training
group. " The Choice is about the history of a family and Master Anti-Smoker is about the dangers of
secondhand smoke. " Dream of the Invisibles describes young immigrants"(移民) feelings of both
belonging and not belonging in their adopted country.
The festival will end with an open reception at which other films will be shown. These include a music
video and a full-length film whose title is Pressures. |
| 1. Wingspan Arts Kids Film Festival___________. |
A. is organized by a middle school
B. is as famous as the Toronto Festival
C. shows films made by children
D. offers awards to film school students |
| 2. Which of the following is true of Wingspan Arts? |
A. It helps young filmmakers to make money.
B. It provides arts projects for young people.
C. It"s a media arts and leadership-training group.
D. It"s a national organization for young people. |
| 3. The underlined word "shorts"in Paragraph 4 refers to_________. |
A. short trousers
B. short kids
C. short films
D. short stories |
| 4. Movies to be shown in the festival_________. |
A. cover different subjects
B. focus on kids" life
C. are produced by Global Action Project
D. are directed by Ms Gardner |
| 阅读理解 |
Do you know of anyone who uses the truth to deceive (欺骗) ? When someone tells you something
that is true, but leaves out important information that should be included, he can give you a false picture.
For example , some might say, "I just won a hundred dollars on the lottery (彩票) . It was great. I
took that dollar ticket back to the store and turned it in for one hundred dollars! "
This guy"s a winner , right? Maybe , maybe not. We then discover that he bought $200 worth of
tickets, and only one was a winner. He"s really a big loser!
He didn"t say anything that was false, but he left out important information on purpose. That"s called
a half-truth. Half-truths are not technically lies, but they are just as dishonest.
Some politicians often use this trick. Let"s say that during Governor Smith"s last term,her state lost
one million jobs and gained three million jobs. Then she seeks another term. One of her opponents (对
手) says, " During Govemor Smith"s term, the state lost one million jobs ! " That"s true. However, an
honest statement would have been , " During Govemor Smith"s term , the state had a net gain of two
million jobs. "
Advertisers(广告商) will sometimes use half-truths. It"s against the law to make false statements so
they try to mislead you with the truth. An advertisement might say, " Nine out of ten doctors advised their
patients to take Yucky Pills to cure toothache. " It fails to mention that they only asked ten doctors and
nine of them work for the Yucky Company.
This kind of deception happens too often. lt"s a sad fact of life :Lies are lies , and sometimes the truth
can lie as well. |
| 1. How much did the lottery winner lose? |
A. One hundred dollars.
B. Two hundred dollars.
C. Three hundred dollars.
D. Four hundred dollars. |
| 2. We may infer that the author believes people should___________. |
A. buy lottery tickets
B. make use of half-truths
C. not take anything at face value
D. not trust the Yucky Company |
| 3. What do the underlined words " net gain"in Paragraph 5 mean? |
A. Final increase.
B. Big advantage.
C. Large share.
D. Total saving. |
| 4. What can we know from the example of the Yucky Pill advertisement? |
A. False statements are easy to see through.
B. Half-truths are often used to mislead people.
C. Doctors like to act in advertisement.
D. Advertisements are based on facts. |
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