What happens inside the skull of a soccer player who repeatedly heads a soccer b

What happens inside the skull of a soccer player who repeatedly heads a soccer b

题型:不详难度:来源:
What happens inside the skull of a soccer player who repeatedly heads a soccer ball? That question motivated a challenging new study of the brains of experienced players that has caused discussion and debate among soccer players, and some anxiety among those of us with soccer-playing children.
For the study, researchers at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York selected 34adults, men and women. All of the volunteers had played soccer since childhood and now competed year-round in adult soccer leagues. Each filled out a detailed questionnaire developed especially for this study to determine how many times they had headed a soccer ball in the previous year, as well as whether they had experienced any known concussions (脑震荡) in the past.
Then the players completed computerized tests of their memory and other learning skills and had their brains scanned, using a complicated new M.R.I. technique which can find structural changes in the brain that can"t be seen during most scans.
According to the data they presented at a Radiological Society of North America meeting last month, the researchers found that the players who had headed the ball more than about 1,100 times in the previous 12 months showed significant loss of white matter in parts of their brains involved with memory, attention and the processing of visual information, compared with players who had headed the ball fewer times.
This pattern of white matter loss is "similar to those seen in traumatic (外伤的) brain injury", like that after a serious concussion, the researchers reported, even though only one of these players was reported to have ever experienced a concussion.
The players who had headed the ball about 1,100 times or more in the past year were also generally worse at recalling lists of words read to them, forgetting or fumbling the words far more often than players who had headed the ball less.
小题1:The passage is most probably a______.
A.news reportB.research report
C.story for soccer playersD.text for doctors
小题2:In which way can we find the structural changes in the brain?
A.Computerized test.B.Questionnaire..
C.Scanning.D.M.R.I. technique.
小题3:From the passage we can conclude that frequent heading may have_____.
A.significant effect on brainB.little effect on one"s brain
C.nothing to do with the brain injuryD.one"s memory improved
小题4:What is likely to be the cause of memory loss?
A.Playing soccer frequently.B.Tests of their memory.
C.White matter loss.D.Information processing.
小题5:The underlined word "fumbling" is closest in meaning to______.
A.rememberingB.misunderstanding
C.recallingD.missing

答案

小题1:B
小题2:D
小题3:A
小题4:C
小题5:D
解析

试题分析:这篇文章主要讲了研究表明用头顶足球,可造成脑部白质的缺失,从而影响记忆、注意力以及视力。
小题1:这篇文章主要讲了用头顶足球,对脑部造成的伤害,所以这是一篇研究报告,故选B。
小题2:根据using a complicated new M.R.I. technique which can find structural changes in the brain that can"t be seen during most scans,故选D。
小题3:根据the researchers found that the players who had headed the ball more than about 1,100 times in the previous 12 months showed significant loss of white matter in parts of their brains involved with memory, attention and the processing of visual information, compared with players who had headed the ball fewer times.所以答案为A。
小题4:根据loss of white matter in parts of their brains involved with memory, attention and the processing of visual information, compared with players who had headed the ball fewer times,因此选C。
小题5:根据the words far more often than players who had headed the ball less.可猜出"fumbling"意思是丢失的,因此选D。
点评:要想答好题目,重在理解全文意思。这篇文章比较难,先看问题,再带着问题读短文,找出各段落的主旨句,理解全文内容,总结全文中心,然后再回到问题上来,很容易选出正确答案。多了解一些常识性知识有利于阅读理解。如果对文章的相关背景有所了解,读起文章一定既省时又省力。因此,在学习过程中,了解各方面的背景知识是十分重要的。
举一反三
Europe’s deadly outbreak of a rare form of E. coli bacteria (大肠杆菌) has brought new attention to food safety issues. One of the problems when people get sick from food is that the simplest question is often difficult or even impossible to answer. Just what did the people eat that made them sick?
Of course, one way to avoid these medical mysteries is to keep dangerous organisms out of the food supply. This is easier said than done, but scientists keep looking for new ways.
Scientists in the United States have developed an experimental system that uses a high-tech optical scanner. The system is designed to identify the presence of contaminants(致污物) like soil or animal waste on fresh produce. These can be sources of E. coli. E. coli bacteria naturally live in the intestines(肠) of humans and many animals. Most kinds of E. coli are harmless but some can make people sick.
The new scanner can also show damage and imperfections that might make the produce unappealing to shoppers.
Scientists designed the system at a Department of Agriculture research center in Beltsville, Maryland. Moon Kim of the Agricultural Research Service led the team.
MOON KIM: “We were requested, we were asked, to develop a method to detect contamination in produce. So we started with the apple as the model sample.”
The scanner uses a high-speed camera placed over the conveyer belt that moves the produce along. As the apples move along the belt, the scanner captures images of each piece of fruit.
Moon Kim says the team hopes the system will be available before long.
MOON KIM: “We are targeting for development in commercial plants for the next several years.”
The scanner can direct a sorting machine to separate the bad apples from the good ones. The system is currently able to show the surface of only half the apple as it speeds by. The inventers hope to improve the process so it can show the whole surface.
小题1:What is the main topic of the text?
A.Bacteria. B.A high-tech scanner.C.A camera D.Food safety.
小题2:E. coli bacteria ______.
A.broke out all over the world B.comes from soil or animal waste
C.is extremely harmful to health D.does not cause illness
小题3:The high-tech scanner ______.
A.can help to sort out different fruits
B.make the produce appeal to shoppers
C.can only capture images of the whole apple
D.can identify the presence of contaminants
小题4:What can be inferred from the text?
A.The scanner needs to be improved.
B.The scanner will be available in the next several years.
C.Moon Kim is unwilling to develop the scanner.
D.The scanner is connected to a sorting machine.

题型:不详难度:| 查看答案
Remember how great exercise was when you were a little kid? Back then,racing around the playground or skipping rope for hours,you weren"t thinking fitness,you were thinking entertainment.But in this age of high-tech home equipment and underused(未充分利用的)gym memberships,the simple joy of jumping rope has been forgotten.Rediscovering it will give you a total-body exercise you can find.
Although considered an excellent form of exercise,jumping rope has never gained widespread acceptance because of two fundamental reasons.First,most people recognize jumping rope as an excellent form of cardiovascular (心血管的) exercise,but they also believe that it is simply too difficult.In other words,they don"t think they"ll be able to continue jumping for the near 20 minutes that it takes to achieve a beneficial physical result.Second, many view it as somewhat boring and too repetitive-not as something fun or enjoyable.
As a matter of fact,jumping rope can be great fun if you find a proper way to practise it.Instead of doing the usual two-foot bounce over and over again,people good at rope-jumping often change their pattern every 10 or 20 jumps.A single bounce,a double bounce,a skip,a knee-up,side swings,as well as a variety of other easy-to-learn free-style rope-jumping.
Now researchers are learning that jumping rope also prepares the brain for learning.It is an exercise allowing both brain hemispheres(半球)to perform in parallel(并行地)to each other.In short,jumping rope can be a life-long activity requiring little equipment,time and space,yet leading to a much healthier life.
小题1:From the first paragraph we learn that_______ .
A.all people now have more advanced equipment
B.jumping rope has disappeared from people"s memories
C.racing around the playground was preferred
D.people now like to have exercise in a gym
小题2:Rope jumping has not spread widely because_______ .
A.it benefits the cardiovascular system
B.it requires little equipment,time and space
C.it is neither easy nor enjoyable
D.it is considered boring
小题3:The first sentence in the 3rd paragraph implies_____ .
A.there are many ways to follow
B.the usual way should not be used
C.the easiest way is always the best
D.there is only one proper way to follow
小题4:According to the researchers, jumping rope _____.
A.only prepares the brain for learning.
B.is suitable for students only
C.helps both brain hemispheres work together
D.can be dangerous for old people
小题5:What is the author"s attitude towards rope jumping?
A.He is arguing against it.B.He is sitting on the fence of it.
C.He is in favor of it.D.He is not clear about it.

题型:不详难度:| 查看答案
Happiness is contagious (有感染力的), as researchers reported on Thursday.
People with the most social connections — spouses, friends, neighbors and relatives — were also the happiest, the data showed. “Each additional happy person makes you happier,” Christakis said.
“Imagine that I am connected to you and you are connected to others and others are connected to still others. It is this fabric of humanity, like an American patch quilt.”
Each person sits on a different colored patch. “Imagine that these patches are happy and unhappy patches. Your happiness depends on what is going on in the patch around you,” Christakis said.
“It is not just happy people connecting with happy people, which they do. Above and beyond, there is this contagious process going on.”
And happiness is more contagious than unhappiness, they discovered.
“If a social contact is happy, it increases the likelihood that you are happy by 15 percent, ” Fowler said. “A friend of a friend, or the friend of a spouse or a sibling (兄弟姐妹), if they are happy, increases your chances by 10 percent,” he added.
A happy third degree friend — the friend of a friend of a friend — increases a person’s chances of being happy by 6 percent.
“But every extra unhappy friend increases the likelihood that you’ll be unhappy by 7 percent,” Fowler said.
The finding is interesting and it is useful, too, Fowler said.
“Among other benefits, happiness has been shown to have an important effect on reduced mortality (死亡率), pain reduction, and improved cardiac (心脏的) function. So better understanding of how happiness spreads can help us learn how to develop a healthier society,” he said.
The study also fits in with other data suggested in 1984 that having $ 5,000 extra increased a person’s chances of becoming happier by about 2 percent.
“A happy friend is worth about $ 20,000,” Christakis said.
小题1:It can be inferred that________.
A.happiness spreads as fast and widely as unhappiness
B.unhappiness spreads faster and more widely than happiness
C.happiness spreads faster and more widely than unhappiness
D.the spread of unhappiness has not been studied by researchers
小题2:Which of the following will increase your chances of becoming happier most?
A.Being in a party with a happy atmosphere.
B.A happy experience of your brother or your parents.
C.A happy trip to a foreign country of your friends.
D.Happiness of your friend’s friend.
小题3:What does Christakis mean by saying “A happy friend is worth about $ 20,000”?
A.A happy friend can help you bring in a wealth of $ 20,000.
B.A happy friend is a wealth which is worth about $ 20,000.
C.A happy friend increases your chances of being happy by 2%.
D.A happy friend increases your chances of being happy by 8 %.

题型:不详难度:| 查看答案
Ten years ago I used to be very fit. I rode a bike to work and I got a lot of exercise at weekends. I used to play tennis a lot and go for long walks. In those days I didn’t earn very much. I had a job in an office. It wasn’t a very good job but I had a lot of time to do the things I enjoyed doing.
Then, about eight years ago, I got a much better job. The pay was better, but the hours were a lot longer. I bought a car and drove to work every day. I began to take people out to lunch. And I began to put on weight, too. I stopped playing tennis and going for long walks at weekends because I just didn’t have any time for things like that any more.
There’s a lot of stress in my job. Perhaps that’s why I started drinking more than I used to. For example, I used to have only half a glass of whisky when I got home, but then I started filling my glass to the top, and instead of having one glass, I would have several. I started smoking a lot, too. I never used to smoke at all.
Two months ago I had a heart attack. At first I just couldn’t believe it. Luckily it wasn’t very serious. The doctor advised me to stop smoking and to eat less. He also advised me to work less and get more exercise. But I just haven’t any time! My job takes everything out of me!
Sometimes I wonder if I should get another job. Perhaps I could do something as I used to. But if I do that, I won’t earn as much. I have a family to support. I have to think of them, too. I just don’t know what I should do. What do you think?
小题1:Compared with ten years ago, what is worse for the author now?
A.His job.B.His pay.
C.His means of transport. D.His health.
小题2:According to the passage, when the author got the better job, which of the following is NOT true?
A.He got higher pay.B.His working hours weren’t long.
C.He found it very stressful. D.He had little free time at weekends.
小题3:After the author had a heart attack, the doctor advised him ____________.
A.not to work any longer
B.to take a long vacation abroad
C.to stop smoking and take exercise
D.not to eat out any more
小题4:What can we learn about the author?
A.The author is not sure what he should do now.
B.The author has taken the doctor’s advice already.
C.The author has got another new job.
D.The author feels much better now.

题型:不详难度:| 查看答案
A friend of mine was in low spirits one day. He usually dealt with this state of mind by avoiding people until the mood passed. But on that day Fred had an important meeting with his boss, so he decided to put on a false front. During the meeting Fred smiled, joked and played the part of a happy, good-natured person. To his surprise, he soon discovered he was no longer depressed. 
Without realizing it, Fred chanced to find an important new principle of psychological research: acting a part can help us feel the way we want to feel — more self-assured in a trying situation, more cheerful when things go wrong.
How can you put this principle to work in your own life? There’s more involved than simply mimicking a few expressions. You have to be systematic about it. Here’s how:
Smile to cheer yourself up.
Relax to reduce anxiety or fear.
Look your best to increase your self-confidence.
Keep cool in a crisis.
Using our bodies and actions to change the way we feel can be a useful tool in helping us through life’s difficult times. As novelist George Eliot wrote more than a century ago, “Our deeds determine us, as much as we determine our deeds.” People who remember that — and act upon it — can only be richer and happier for the experience.
小题1:In paragraph 1 the underlined phrase “to put on a false front” means ______.
A.to wear a wrong coat
B.to act a part unsuccessfully
C.to show a pretended happy appearance
D.to put on airs
小题2:According to Paragraph 1, Fred ______before the meeting.
A.had very few spirits
B.had many spirits
C.was in bad mood
D.was in good mood
小题3:The underlined phrase mimicking in Paragraph 3 most probably means ______.
A.learning quickly
B.making faces
C.behaving well
D.imitating others
小题4:In the last paragraph, the quotation “Our deeds determine us, as much as we determine our deeds” may show that ______.
A.actions speak louder than words
B.the more we do, the happier we are
C.our feeling cannot change our behavior
D.actions are very important for us to beat bad moods for good

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