阅读下面短文，从各题A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳答案。 People who smoke could lose around one third of t
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阅读下面短文，从各题A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳答案。
People who smoke could lose around one third of their daily memory, researchers say.
A study by a team at Northumbria University showed that smokers lost more of their memory when compared to non-smokers.
And the research also found that those who kicked the habit saw their ability to recollect information restored to almost the same level as non-smokers.
The study involved more than seventy 18-to-25-year-olds and included a tour of the university’s campus. Those who took part were asked to recall small details, such as a list of songs played at a campus concert and tasks completed at various points－known as real world memory test. Smokers performed badly, remembering just 59 percent of tasks. But those who had given up smoking remembered 74 percent and those who had never smoked recalled 81 percent of tasks.
Dr. Tom Heffernan, who leads Northumbria University’s Collaboration for Drug and Alcohol Research Group, said the findings would be useful in anti-smoking campaigns. He said, “Given that there are up to 10 million smokers in the UK and as many as 45 million in the United States, it"s important to understand the effects smoking has on everyday cognitive（认知的）function-of which prospective memory is an excellent example. ”
“This is the first time that a study has set out to examine whether giving up smoking has an impact on memory. We already know that giving up smoking has huge health benefits for the body, but this study also shows how stopping smoking can have knock-on benefits for cognitive functions too. ’’
The research will now investigate the effects of passive smoking on memory, while Dr. Heffernan and Dr. Terence O’Neil will look into the effects of third-hand smoking－toxins left on curtains and furniture.
小题1:What’s the main idea of the passage?| A．Smoking does harm to health. | | B．Smokers take a tour to the University’s campus. | | C．Smoking can affect one’s memory. | | D．Smokers are compared to non-smokers. |
小题2:How did those who took part in the study perform when asked to recall small details?| A．Smokers did the worst among the participants. | | B．Non-smokers could recall about half of them. | | C．Smokers could recall nothing at all. | | D．Those who gave up smoking did best. |
小题3:According to Dr. Tom Heffernan, the findings_______. | A．would be really a surprise to the public | | B．would contribute to fighting against smoking | | C．would be used in real world memory test | | D．would be nothing new to the researchers |
小题4:What does the underlined word “impact’’ most probably mean?| A．order | B．impression | C．expression | D．effect |
小题5:What will Dr. Heffernan and Dr Terence O’Neil do?| A．Investigate the effects of third-hand smoking. | | B．Do research on how smoking affects passive smokers. | | C．Find ways to persuade people to quit smoking. | | D．Study whether giving up smoking affects memory. |
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答案
小题1:C
小题2:A
小题3:B
小题4:D
小题5:A |
解析
试题分析：本文讲述的是抽烟对人的记忆力影响的实验，想通过这个实验来告诉人们，抽烟的危害。
小题1:C 主旨大意题。根据文章的主题段第一段People who smoke could lose around one third of their daily memory, researchers say.说明抽烟的人容易遗忘，这就是文章的主题，故C项正确。
小题2:A 细节题。根据第四段最后3行Smokers performed badly, remembering just 59 percent of tasks. But those who had given up smoking remembered 74 percent and those who had never smoked recalled 81 percent of tasks.说明抽烟的人表现最差，故A正确。
小题3:B 细节题。根据第五段前三行Dr. Tom Heffernan, who leads Northumbria University’s Collaboration for Drug and Alcohol Research Group, said the findings would be useful in anti-smoking campaigns.说明他认为这个研究对于与吸烟的斗争是有益的，故B正确。
小题4:D 推理题。根据下句. We already know that giving up smoking has huge health benefits for the body,说明这里是指抽烟对人的影响，故D项正确。
小题5:A 根据文章最后一段he research will now investigate the effects of passive smoking on memory, while Dr. Heffernan and Dr. Terence O’Neil will look into the effects of third-hand smoking－toxins left on curtains and furniture.说明接下来的研究对象应该就是third-hand smoking，故A正确。
点评：本文讲述的是抽烟对人的记忆力影响，本文考查细节题为主，细节题可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息或是其变体。搜查信息在阅读中非常重要它包括理解作者在叙述某事时使用的具体事实、数据、图表等细节信息。在一篇短文里大部分篇幅都属于这类围绕主体展开的细节。做这类题一般采用寻读法即先读题然后带着问题快速阅读短文找出与问题有关的词语或句子再对相关部分进行分析对比找出答案。 |
举一反三
Which do you think is the best way to keep healthy?
With the development of the society, people no longer worry about where their next meal comes from as they did in the old days. They become more and more concerned about their health problem. Different people come up with different views: eating green food, doing outdoor exercises or going to hospital for medical treatment frequently. As far as I am concerned, the best way to keep healthy is to develop a good quality of psychology(心理).
According to some surveys, nowadays, most patients are not physically sick but mentally(精神上) ill. They feel the burden on their shoulders is much heavier than others, so they can’t step out of the shadow of depression and sadness. They need to release their spirit to the nature.
Besides, if you have developed a good quality of psychology, you’ll become more sociable and thus more willing to play your part in the society. Joining in some keep-fit clubs or attending some travel agency, which by themselves are various versions of physical exercise, will benefit you a lot.
As a poem says, youth is not a period of time; it’s a state of mind. Everybody wants to keep young at heart because youth is a symbol for endless energy and passion for living.
Keep a good quality of mind, or keep a sense of humour, even if you are 80, and you’ll never be old.
小题1:According to the passage, in the old days, what people cared most might be _____.| A．food | B．exercising | C．clothing | D．health |
小题2:According to the writer, the best way to keep healthy is to _____.| A．have meals regularly | B．do outdoor exercises | | C．go to hospital frequently | D．keep psychological health |
小题3:The most probable reason for patients who are mentally ill might be ____.| A．burden | B．depression | C．sadness | D．spirit |
小题4:The best way to develop a good quality of psychology might be ____.| A．taking social responsibility | B．exercising in a keep-fit club | | C．going on journeys | D．taking physical exercise |
小题5:The key point to keep young is to _____.| A．keep exercising | B．keep a young heart | | C．keep humourous | D．keep a proper diet |
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After a busy day of work and play, the body needs to rest. Sleep is necessary for good health. During this time, the body recovers from the activities of the day. The rest that you get while sleeping makes it possible for your body to prepare itself for the next day.
There are four levels of sleep, each being a little deeper than the one before. As you sleep, your body relaxes (放松) little by little. Your heart beats more slowly, and your brain slows down. After you reach the fourth level, your body shifts (变换) back and forth from one level of sleep to the other.
Though your mind slows down, you will dream from time to time. Scientists who study sleep point out that when dreaming occurs, your eyeballs begin to move more quickly (although your eyelids are closed). This stage of sleep is called REM, which stands for rapid eye movement.
If you have trouble falling asleep, some people recommend (建议) breathing very slowly and very deeply. Other people believe that drinking warm milk will make you drowsy. There is also an old suggestion that counting sheep will put you to sleep.
小题1:The text suggests that not getting enough sleep might make you _____. | A．suffer from poor health | B．feel tired and nervous | | C．dream more often | D．breathe quickly |
小题2:During REM, _____. | A．you move restlessly | | B．you start dreaming | | C．your mind stops working | | D．your eyeballs move quickly |
小题3:The underlined word "drowsy" in the last paragraph probably means _____. | A．lazy | B．sleepy | C．relaxed | D．pleased |
小题4:A good title for this text might be _____. | A．Dreams | B．Sleep | | C．Good Health | D．Work and Rest |
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Eating foods high in trans-fats(fats present in artificial form in industrially-produced cakes and fast food...) and saturated (饱和的) fats increases the risk of depression, according to a Spanish study, confirming previous studies that linked “junk food” with the disease. Researchers also showed that some products, such as olive oil, can fight against the risk of mental illness.
Authors of the wide-reaching study, from the universities of Navarra and Las Palmas, followed and analyzed the diet and lifestyle of over l2,000 volunteers over six years. When the study began, none of the participants had been diagnosed with depression; by the end, 657 of them were new sufferers.
“Participants with an increased consumption of trans-fats presented up to a 48 percent increase in the risk of depression when they were compared to participants who did not consume these fats,” the head study author said. “The more trans-fats were consumed, the greater harmful effect they produced in the volunteers.”
The research team found, at the same time, that after assessing the effect of polyunsaturated fats made up of larger amounts of fish and vegetable oils and olive oil, these products are associated with a lower risk of suffering depression.
The report, published in the online journal PLOS ONE, noted the research was performed on a European population that enjoys a relatively low intake of trans-fats—making up only 0.4 percent of the total energy taken in by the volunteers. “Despite this, we observed an increase in the risk of suffering depression of nearly 50 percent,” said researcher Miguel Martinez. “On this basis we think it of great importance to take this effect into account in countries like the United States, where the percentage of energy derived from these fats is around 2.5 percent.”
The report pointed out that the current number of depression sufferers in the world is around l50 million people, and has increased in recent years. This rise is attributable, according to the authors, “to great changes in the sources of fats consumed in Western diets, where we have replaced certain types of beneficial fats in nuts, vegetable oils and fish with the saturated and trans-fats found in meats, butter and other products such as mass-produced cakes and fast food.”
小题1:What"s the best title of the text?| A．Junk Food and Depression | B．Depression Prevention | | C．Types of Fats and Depression | D．Depression Research |
小题2:Which of the following increases the risk of suffering depression?| A．Fish. | B．Vegetable oil. | C．Olive oil. | D．Butter. |
小题3:The study tells us that .| A．2.5% Americans suffer mental illness | | B．l2,000 volunteers in Navarra took part | | C．a minority of participants became new sufferers | | D．l50 million Europeans enjoy a healthier lifestyle |
小题4:The underlined word “derived” in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to .| A．obtained | B．chosen | C．separated | D．preserved |
小题5:More and more Westerners are suffering depression because .| A．they have less time for exercise | | B．they eat more nuts, vegetable oils and fish | | C．the sources of fats in their diets have changed | | D．less meat, butter, and cakes are included in their diets |
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If it really is what’s on the inside that counts, then a lot of thin people might be in trouble.
Some doctors now think that the internal(内部的) fat surrounding important organs like the heart or liver could be as dangerous as the external fat which can be noticed more easily.
“Being thin doesn’t surely mean you are not fat,” said Dr Jimmy Bell at Imperial College. Since 1994, Bell and his team have scanned nearly 800 people with MRI machines to create “fat maps” showing where people store fat.
According to the result, people who keep their weight through diet rather than exercise are likely to have major deposits of internal fat, even if they are slim.
Even people with normal Body Mass Index scores can have surprising levels of fat deposits inside. Of the women, as many as 45 percent of those with normal BMI scores (20 to 25) actually had too high levels of internal fat. Among men, the percentage was nearly 60 percent.
According to Bell, people who are fat on the inside are actually on the edge of being fat. They eat too many fatty and sugary foods, but they are not eating enough to be fat. Scientists believe we naturally store fat around the belly first, but at some point, the body may start storing it elsewhere.
Doctors are unsure about the exact dangers of internal fat, but some think it has something to do with heart disease and diabetes. They want to prove that internal fat damages the body’s communication systems.
The good news is that internal fat can be easily burned off through exercise or even by improving your diet. “If you want to be healthy, there is no short cut. Exercise has to be an important part of your lifestyle,” Bell said.
小题1:According to the pass age, which of the following is WRONG?| A．People with heart disease all have internal fat. | | B．People can get rid of internal fat by improving diet. | | C．Men are more likely to have too much internal fat. | | D．Exercise can help to reduce the internal fat. |
小题2:From the last paragraph, we can find that ______.| A．whether internal fat can lead to disease has been proved | | B．exercise plays an important role in people’s life for keeping healthy | | C．thin people usually have internal fat even if they are slim | | D．it is easier to burn off internal fat than external fat |
小题3:Doctors have found ______.| A．the exact dangers of internal fat | | B．internal fat is the cause of heart disease and diabetes | | C．being slim doesn’t mean you are not fat inside | | D．being slim is not dangerous at all |
小题4:The underlined part in the last paragraph means ______.| A．a long road | B．a clear difference | | C．an easy way | D．a short distance |
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Teenagers who do not get enough of the nutrients commonly found in fruits and fish are easier to have bad lungs, coughing and wheezing （喘息）．Teens who eat the least of fruit and especially vitamin C have weaker lungs compared to the others．
Teens who take in less vitamin E, found in vegetable oil and nuts, are more likely to have asthma（哮喘）, Jane Bums at the Harvard School of Public Health found.
Based on these findings．Bums said that current recommended dose（一剂）of vitamin C, 85 mg a day, may not be enough for teens to have healthy lungs．Teens who eat less fruit and don"t take in enough fatty acids （脂肪酸） are more likely to have asthma and the signs of breathing difficulty．
Proper amounts of fatty acids are protective, Bums said, though fish, the best source of fatty acids, is particularly unpopular with teenagers．Fatty acids are also found in some nuts as well as some green vegetables"．Smokers who avoid vitamin C will increase their chances of coughing, wheezing and developing phlegm（痰）．
More than 80 percent of teens are getting their recommended doses of vitamin C - mainly from fruit drinks．"I wouldn"t approve of drinking them, but at least they"re getting their vitamin C from somewhere," Burns said．
Burns added that there are several different ways to get the necessary nutrients．"I think vitamin supplements are fine．I think adding vitamin D to orange juice is fine．But I do think there are added benefits that we don"t fully understand of eating whole foods like fruits and vegetables and fish," she said．The researchers did not account for poverty and other factors that often distinguish less-healthy eaters and may explain their findings．
小题1:According to the passage, what is the problem with teens who don"t get enough nutrients?| A．They are becoming smokers． | B．They don"t take enough exercise． | | C．They eat too much fruit and fish． | D．They are likely to have weaker lungs． |
小题2:According to Burns, how should teens get the necessary nutrients?| A．By drinking juice as much as possible． | | B．By eating more whole foods． | | C．By taking vitamin pills． | | D．By giving up smoking． |
小题3:Which of the following is NOT mentioned by the researchers in the passage?| A．The amount of nutrients teens should take in a day． | | B．How teens can take in enough nutrients． | | C．Whether poor teens can prove their findings． | | D．The fact that teens don"t like fish． |
小题4:What is the best title for the passage?| A．Poor nutrition hurts teens" health． | B．Teens lack proper nutrition． | | C．Teens are easy to suffer from diseases． | D．More fruit help keep teens healthy． |
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