Caffeine not only gives us a daily jump start, but new research suggests it
题型：不详难度：来源：
According to the US Food and Drug Administration, nearly 90 percent of people worldwide consume about 200 milligrams of caffeine each day. That" s equivalent to about one strong cup of coffee a day. Writing in " Nature Neuroscience" , Johns Hopkins University researchers say their findings show that caffeine strengthens certain memories for up t0 24 hours after being taken in.
" We"ve always known that caffeine has cognitive-enhancing effects (促智效果) , but its ,particular effects on strengthening memories and making them resistant to forgetting has never been examined in detail in humans, " said senior author of the paper Michael Yassa. " We re- port for the first time a specific effect of caffeine on reducing forgetting over 24 hours. " Conducting a double-blind trial, the researchers worked with a test group of people who didn"t regularly consume caffeinated products. Five minutes after studying a series of images, the test subjects were given either a placebo(无效对照剂) or a 200-milligram caffeine tablet.
To check the caffeine levels of their test subjects, the research team took saliva samples (唾液样品) from them before they took their tablets and again one, three and 24 hours after- wards.
Both groups of test participants ( those who took the placebo and those who took the caffeine tablet) were tested the following day to see if they could recognize the images they" d seen the previous day.
The test included showing the test subjects another series of images that included some new images , those that were shown the previous day, as well as other images that were similar, but not the same as those they had viewed earlier.
The researchers found that more members of the group who were given the caffeine tablets were able to correctly identify some of the new images as " similar" to previously viewed images rather than incorrectly identifying them as the same.
"We also know that caffeine is associated with health and longevity(长寿) and may havesome protective effects from cognitive decline like Alzheimer" s disease (阿尔茨海默症). " said Yassa.
小题1:The purpose of the new research is
| A．to survey how much caffeine people consume a day |
| B．to write the paper " Nature Neuroscience" |
| C．to prove caffeine has cognitive-enhancing effects |
| D．to examine caffeine " s memory-strengthening effects in detail |
| A．giving the test subjects placebos or caffeine tablets |
| B．checking the caffeine levels of the test subjects |
| C．encouraging the test subjects to drink more coffee |
| D．showing the test subjects series of images |
| A．By recognizing images they " d seen the previous day. |
| B．By taking the caffeine tablets instead of placebos. |
| C．By identifying the new images as the same. |
| D．By telling the differences between new images. |
| A．Ways to achieve health and longevity. |
| B．The effects caffeine has on health. |
| C．The treatment for Alzheimer" s disease. |
| D．The harmful effects of cognitive decline. |
答案
小题1:D
小题2:C
小题3:A
小题4:B
解析
小题1:D
【试题解析】推理题。根据文章第三段Conducting a double-blind trial, the researchers worked with a test group of people who didn"t regularly consume caffeinated products. Five minutes after studying a series of images, the test subjects were given either a placebo(无效对照剂) or a 200-milligram caffeine tablet. 可知这次试验只是为了检验咖啡因对于长期记忆的影响。故D正确。
小题2:C
【试题解析】细节题。根据文章第二段the test subjects were given either a placebo(无效对照剂) or a 200-milligram caffeine tablet可知A是试验内容。根据文章第4段To check the caffeine levels of their test subjects, the research team took saliva samples (唾液样品) from them before they took their tablets and again one, three and 24 hours after- wards.可知B是试验的内容。根据Both groups of test participants ( those who took the placebo and those who took the caffeine tablet) were tested the following day to see if they could recognize the images they" d seen the previous day.可知D项是试验内容。只有C项在文章里没有提及。
小题3:A
【试题解析】推理题。根据文章倒数第二段The researchers found that more members of the group who were given the caffeine tablets were able to correctly identify some of the new images as " similar" to previously viewed images rather than incorrectly identifying them as the same.可知研究人员主要是通过让参加试验的人来辨认之前给他们看见的照片来检验咖啡因对人的长期记忆的影响的。故A正确。
小题4:B
【试题解析】推理题。根据文章最后一段第一行"We also know that caffeine is associated with health and longevity(长寿)可知咖啡因对于人的健康也有影响，那么在下面一段一个展开讨论这个话题。故B正确。
【长难句解析】
The researchers found that more members of the group who were given the caffeine tablets were able to correctly identify some of the new images as " similar" to previously viewed images rather than incorrectly identifying them as the same.
【翻译】研究人员分析被给含有咖啡因胶囊的那一组里更多的成员能够准确辨认与先前所给的相似形状的形象而不是错误地认为她们是一样地。
【分析】本句中动词found后面接的是宾语从句，宾语从句中含有定语从句who were given the caffeine tablets；介词短语rather than后面接动名词短语identifying them as the same。
举一反三
Most of the technology is available now, but convincing more people that they don"t need to read a newspaper is the next step. But resistance to computer newspapers may be stronger from within journalism. Since it is such a cultural change, it may be that the present generation of journalists and publishers will have to die off before the next generation realizes that the newspaper industry is no longer a newspaper industry. Technology is making the end of " traditional newspapers unavoidable.
Despite technological advances, it could take decades to replace newsprint with computer screens. It might take 30 t0 40 years to complete the changeover because people need to buy computers and because newspapers have established financial interests in the paper industry.
小题1: Which of the following is NOT an advantage of computer newspapers?
| A．They are cheaper than traditional newspapers. |
| B．They are more convenient to read. |
| C．You can choose the kind of voice you want to hear. |
| D．You can easily save information for future use. |
| A．The technology is impossible now. |
| B． Computer newspaper s are too expensive. |
| C．The popularization of computers needs a long time. |
| D．Traditional newspapers are easier to read. |
| A．they don"t know how to use computers |
| B．they think computer newspapers take too much time to read |
| C．they think the new technology is bad |
| D．they have been trained to write For traditional newspapers |
| A．all technological changes are good |
| B．new technologies don"t always replace old ones |
| C．new technologies will eventually replace old ones |
| D．traditional newspapers are here to stay for another century |
| A．Computer newspapers are well liked. |
| B．Newspapers of the future will be on the computer. |
| C．Newspapers are out of fashion. |
| D．New communications technology. |
Groundhog Day(土拔鼠节)，falls on the 2nd of February every year．It is observed in the United States and Canada．While this day may be a public holiday and a bank holiday，it is not a compulsory holiday declared by the government．But this is not so for all the states．State-wise holidays may vary．
Ever heard of Punxsutawney Phil? Groundhog Day is observed because of this groundhog．The day is indeed about a groundhog．Punxsutawney is the name of an apparently weather forecasting groundhog．He lives in his burrow(洞穴)on Gobler’s Knob，Punxsutawney in Pennsylvania，for a short period before the 2nd of February every year．On the 2nd of February，Phil comes out from his burrow and looks for his shadow．If he sees his shadow and goes back into the burrow，then America will have an extended winter of six weeks，But if he cannot see his shadow，and he remains outside．It means winter will soon end and spring will arrive very shortly .Phil has been‘predicting’the length of winter in this manner for almost a century and they have always been almost 100％ accurate．
Groundhog Day is celebrated in some parts of the USA and Canada．The largest celebration is held at Punxsutawney，Pennsylvania．People come in scores to visit Punxsutawney Phil．They wait eagerly, camping days in advance，to see the small groundhog appear from his burrow，check for his shadow and either go back in or stay out．People cheer when they hear it is time for winter to end and celebrate by eating sweets and singing and dancing．Today．the Groundhog Day is a widespread tradition and an exciting event．
小题1:People celebrate Groundhog Day because ______________.
| A．some sweets are provided on Groundhog Day |
| B．more and more people love groundhogs |
| C．the groundhog predicts the beginning of spring |
| D．Punxsutawney Phil is worth respecting |
| A．Human civilization has a long history． |
| B．Some old traditions should be carried on． |
| C．Human civilization develops very fast． |
| D．Some old traditions have disappeared． |
| A．forecasts the weather based on his shadow |
| B．witnesses the history of human development |
| C．organizes celebrations on Groundhog Day |
| D．gives performances on Groundhog Day |
| A．groundhogs will replace TV weathermen soon |
| B．groundhogs can forecast the weather accurately |
| C．Groundhog Day is becoming popular in the US and Canada |
| D．a longer shadow of a groundhog indicates a longer winter |
| A．Winter will end if the groundhog goes back into the burrow. |
| B．Groundhog Day is a compulsory’holiday in the US and Canada． |
| C．A groundhog will remain outside if he sees his shadows on 2nd，Feb． |
| D．The celebration in Punxsutawney attracts large numbers of visitors． |
* Plan practically. Contact the organization a few months before leaving and find out if there are materials which are rare and hard to attain for the project. What you often consider plentiful here, such as nails or hammers, is in great need in other parts of the world.
* Do the project together, not on your own. You are a guest in the community. The most successful result is not that you build something and walk away, but that you and the community build something as a team. Share skills and build together.
* Be flexible. Not everything is going to happen as planned. Often the other country doesn"t have the right tools, manpower, transportation or funds to get all the needed work done. In a word, they lack infrastructure(基础设施).
* Contact with the people in the community. Often you will have "downtime" outside of the range of the project. Rather than retreat to the group with whom you traveled, be sure to spend time with the people of the community. Listen to the things about their lives. If you can"t speak the language, smiles work wonders. And you will be surprised ― you will find a way to community.
Volunteering is a special and life-long experience for everyone involved. Be prepared that the person who may be changed most is you. It"s a joyful, often careful experience which will encourage you to view yourself, your neighbors and your world quite differently.
小题1: When you volunteer to join in a project, you are advised to .
| A．build something and walk away |
| B．make good preparation in advance |
| C．avoid involving locals in activities |
| D．depend on yourself to solve problems |
| A．reduce challenge in the world |
| B．determine the future of a volunteer |
| C．change a person"s opinion of the world |
| D．benefit volunteers most in their learning |
| A．What prepares you to become a volunteer. |
| B．Where volunteers are needed most in the world. |
| C．Why volunteering is popular with young people. |
| D．How volunteers develop a relationship with local people. |
The four children, all fifth graders in Miss Rasmussen"s Grand Canyon School, are as different as any other 11-year-old child could be, but they have one thing in common — all are somewhat separated from their classmates. Sam is a newcomer and has had his share of school trouble before; Kelsey quietly carries her pain at losing her father; Judy"s sense of justice always annoys others; Brenton is the smartest child in the school, so smart that even his parents and teachers have trouble keeping up with him. When Brenton and his three classmates are put into the same study group by their teacher, the others discover that Brenton has made a time-saving gadget(装置) to do homework for him. While the boy is perfectly able to do his homework himself, Sam, Kelsey and Judy can use the help.
Having perfect grades is something new for these three, and as they meet every day to "do homework", they find that they"re learning a lot about each other. Such a good thing can"t last though, and when a secret man starts trying to get in touch with them, they begin to get nervous. Soon there"s an even more frightening problem ― why can"t the Homework Machine be turned off?
Told in different voices as all the children make statements to the Grand Canyon Police, the story develops in an interesting fashion. Gutman is a gifted writer who has written dozens of children"s books, each with a funny and impressing table that should be equally liked by boys and girls.
小题1: What is one common thing that all the four children have to deal with at school?
| A．Getting along with their classmates. |
| B．Doing their homework by themselves. |
| C．Overcoming difficulties on their own. |
| D．Catching up with others to get good grades. |
| A．Strange and nervous. | B．Quiet and smart. |
| C．Brave and special. | D．Clever and helpful. |
| A．They lost touch with each other. |
| B．They were questioned by a strange man. |
| C．They had no idea how to stop the machine. |
| D．They were tracked down by the police. |
| A．a student"s diary | B．a book review | C．a school report | D．a science story |
People are happier and laugh 50% more when they talk face to face with friends or via webcam (web camera) than when they use social networking sites, a study has found.
Dr. Roberts, a famous lecture at the University of Chester, said such websites don"t appear to help make true friendships. Based on two questionnaires(调查表), he found there was no link between Facebook use and people with larger groups of friends.
Dr. Roberts, whose work will be presented at the British Psychological Society conference in Harrogate, said, "The bottom lime conclusion is that our relationships are not dependent on the quantity of communication. They depend on quality, and even Skype(一种网络即时语音沟通工具) is better at increasing the quality of our communication than time on Facebook." Even talking on the phone or texting does not make people feel as good as sharing a smile, the research says. The studies suggest quality, not quantity, of communication is the most important for keeping friends for life.
People find the most satisfying relationships come from a small number of close friends, with an outer "ring" of 10 significant others. With these people, it doesn"t matter what type of social media you use for communication. But people who want to "contact the world at large" using Facebook can be disappointed because they spread themselves too thinly, claim researchers.
In a third study, Dr. Roberts asked people to communicate with friends face to face or via Skype and keep a 14-day diary. This was compared with communicating via phone, text messages or social networking sites. People communicating face to face on Skype were 50% more likely to laugh, and they rated themselves as significantly happier.
小题1: Dr. Roberts"s finding that there was no connection between Facebook use and people with many friends was .
| A．based on questionnaires | B．based on conversations |
| C．through instant messages | D．through social media |
| A．Most people contact each other online. |
| B．Keeping a friend for life is not easy. |
| C．The quality of communication is important. |
| D．Skype is better at understanding us than Facebook. |
| A．They are too excited to express themselves. |
| B．They limit their social circle to a small range. |
| C．They spread their information at a low speed. |
| D．They lack information to introduce themselves. |
| A．Positive. | B．Casual. | C．Responsible. | D．Unsupportive. |
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