In a recent study, researchers have estimated the energy required to produce bot
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In a recent study, researchers have estimated the energy required to produce bottled water, including the energy required to manufacture plastic, make the plastic into bottles, process the water, fill and seal the bottles, transport the bottles, and chill the bottles for use. Combining all the energy input totals for treatment and distribution, researchers found that producing bottled water requires between 5.6 and 10.2 million joules(焦耳) of energy per liter, depending on transportation factors. That"s up to 2, 000 times the energy required to produce tap water.
To break down the energy requirements, researchers found that producing the plastic bottles and transporting the bottles greatly dominated(控制) the energy input. Although some companies are experimenting with producing lightweight bottles or using recycled materials, the researchers calculated that the manufacturing cost is about 4 million joules of energy per plastic bottle weighing 38 grams, and the cap weighing 2 grams.
“Our previous work had suggested that bottled water production was an energy intensive process, but we were surprised to see the results, ” the researchers said.
Transportation costs vary depending on the distance and mode of transport and both factors depend on the type of bottled water. There are two main kinds of bottled water in the US:” spring water” which comes from an underground spring and “purified water”,which is city tap water that has received further treatment. For purified water distributed locally by truck within Los Angeles, the total transportation energy is about 1.4 million joules per liter. In the second situation, spring water shipped from Fiji (such as Fiji Spring Water) across the Pacific to Los Angeles, and then delivered locally by truck requires about 4 million joules per liter for transportation. For the spring water, the transportation energy equaled (in the case of Fiji) the energy required to produce the bottle.
With this data, the researchers hope that future studies will have the ability to make specific estimates for different situations, and possibly find ways to cut energy costs.
小题1:From the first Paragraph we can know that the energy required to ______.| A．produce bottled water includes the energy required to drink it | | B．distribute bottled water includes the energy for producing the bottles | | C．distribute bottled water is much smaller than the energy for treating it | | D．produce bottled water is much smaller than the energy for producing tap water |
小题2:To reduce the energy required to produce bottled water, some companies are trying ______.| A．to fill tap water into the plastic bottles directly | | B．to replace the plastic bottles with metal containers | | C．to produce lightweight bottles with recycled materials | | D．to use bicycles to transport and deliver bottled water locally |
小题3:What"s Paragraph 4 mainly talking about?| A．Treatment of bottled water needs no energy input at all. | | B．Bottled water production is an energy intensive process. | | C．Transportation of bottled water takes up the most energy input. | | D．Production of the plastic bottles greatly dominated the energy input. |
小题4: We can infer from the passage that ______.| A．there are two main kinds of bottled water in the US | | B．world consumption of bottled water has been increasing | | C．transportation costs have something to do with the mode of transport | | D．bottled water produced in Spring is more expensive than purified water |
小题5: What"s the main purpose of the passage?| A．To help consumers themselves make more environmentally sustainable choices. | | B．To advise the government to take severe measures to stop producing bottled water. | | C．To urge the consumers to drink tap water instead of bottled water for the sake of the earth. | | D．To try the best to find ways to produce bottled water cheaply and quickly for the companies. |
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答案
小题1:B
小题2:C
小题3:C
小题4:B
小题5:A |
解析
试题分析：研究人员发现瓶装水所消耗的能量是自来水的2000倍，进一步研究发现处理水不需要什么能量，消耗的大量的能量都用在了装水和运水上，研究人员希望通过研究找出削尖能源消耗的方法，作者的目的是希望通过这篇文章引起大家对这件事的注意，自觉采取措施保护环境。
小题1:细节题;从第一段的句子：Combining all the energy input totals for treatment and distribution, researchers found that 可知瓶装水的消耗分两部分：处理和运送，选B
小题2:细节理解题：从第二段的句子Although some companies are experimenting with producing lightweight bottles or using recycled materials, 可知为了减少生产瓶装水需要的能源，很多公司使用回收材料做的轻的饮料瓶，选C
小题3:段落大意题：文章第三段对第四段的内容进行提示，第四段对比了几种水的运输能量，最后一句以泉水做例子，运送能量就等于生产能量，选C
小题4:推理判断题：最后一段表明研究人员希望进一步研究能找出削减能量的方法，由此可以判断，瓶装水本身就消耗能量，且由于消耗不断攀升，导致问题越来越严重，从而导致这个研究，根据第四段A和C是事实，D是错的，故选B
小题5:写作意图题：文章没有提到政府要停止生产瓶装水，也没有建议只喝自来水，更没有谈到是想帮助有些公司，最后一段提到研究的目的是找到消减能量的办法，选A |
举一反三
Scientists Alan M．Goldberg and Thomas Hartung describe recent advances in replacing the use of animals in toxicology(毒物学)testing．Improvements in cell and tissue culture technologies，for example，allow a growing number of tests to be performed on human cells alone．Computer models are becoming increasingly complex and many could one day become more accurate than trials in living animals．
Since the late 1990s，Huntingdon Life Sciences--a company that conducts testing of substances on animals conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency and the Food and Drug Administration—has become a proving ground for aggressive strategies by animal-rights militants （好战分子）．At a hearing，a Senate．committee listened to testimony（证词） against Huntingdon employees and financial institutions providing services to the company．One experimentation witness at the hearing insisted that any means necessary were justified（辩护） to spare animals’ lives；he has previously accepted the idea of murder to that end．
Use of animals in testing and in biomedical research continues to be necessary in many instances and is ethically（伦理道德地）preferable to experimenting on humans or giving up cures that could save human lives．But for the sake of people and animals alike，the development and acceptance of animal substitutes deserve enthusiastic support．
In some instances, substitutes are already thought as good or better than animals，but supervising agencies（监督机构）have yet to catch up．In both the European Union and the U．S．，scientists and companies wanting to use the new alternative tests complain that regulatory standards for proving a drug or chemical to be safe for humans force the continued use of animals．Thus，animal-loving Americans might turn to persuading the EPA and the FDA to speed validation（确认）of new methods so that they can be more widely employed．And animal advocates（保护者） who want to influence business could consider investing in the small biotech’s and large pharmaceutical（药品的） companies that are working to develop alternatives to animals in research．
小题1:_____ plays a leading role in replacing the use of animals in testing．| A．Huntingdon Life Sciences | B．Improvement in technologies | | C．Animal-fights militants | D．Scientists Alan and Thomas |
小题2:Accordingly, the animal-rights militants hold the view that_____．| A．animals shouldn’t be used in toxicology testing | | B．animals should enjoy equal rights with human beings | | C．animals should live wildly and freely | | D．we should protect animals from being killed casually |
小题3:From the passage，we can find _____．| A．the use of animals in testing has been stopped abruptly | | B．animal substitutes are not preferable | | C．supervising standards contribute to the continued use of animals in testing | | D．only Huntingdon Life Sciences is accused |
小题4:What’s the main idea of the passage?| A．Saving animals and people． | | B．The new trend in toxicology testing | | C．The use of animals in testing is against human nature | | D．New technology changes the fate of animals |
小题5:The writer’s attitude towards replacing the use of animals in toxicology is____．| A．arbitrary（武断的，随意的） | B．pessimistic | | C．indifferent（不关心的 ） | D．optimistic |
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While nature lovers across the world wish all humans to realize the significance of their natural surroundings ,many Australians are turning caring for the environment into a way of life.
Julie Astonis ,an Australian housewife in Brisbane is one such example, Even though autumn is approaching Australia’s Brisbane in April, one can still watch colorful blooming （盛开的）flowers in Julie’s little garden, as she tells that in her community, “Each of us has a beautiful yard, The whole community, from children to elderly people, takes care of the environment as if they are taking care of their own garden.”
“Gardening is the most popular club in our community,”she says, “A lot of retired people don’t just regularly organize gardening lectures, but also personally visit families in the community to provide gardening training , So you can see that flowers continue to bols-som in our gardens throughout the year.”
Talking about her people’s sense of care for the environment, Julie says when people in the community take along their dog, they always carry a garbage bag to deal with the dog’s waste, “In our community ,you will never experience the embarrassment of stepping on the dirty waste while you are walking on the grass,”says Julie with a smile,“Taking care of the dog’s waste can also help to develop children’s sense of responsibility!”
As to protecting water resources , the Australian government has made strict rules for families, Julie says, “We certainly would not use tap water to water the flowers!”She ways almost every family in her community has a huge tank used to store rainwater, which is later used as the resource of all outdoor water use, connect the water tank with their toilets.
小题1:From the first three paragraphs we learn that .| A．gardening is popular in most part of Australia | | B．April is a great time for people to enjoy flowers | | C．it’s not easy to keep a garden without proper training | | D．Julie’s community has a deep sense of caring for nature |
小题2:Which of the following about Julie is true? | A．She takes pride in her community. | | B．She once stepped on a dog’s waste. | | C．She is quite in favor of raising a dog. | | D．She finds it embarrassing to walk on the grass. |
小题3:From what Julie says in the last paragraph, we know _________.| A．rainwater is not the best resource | | B．her community owns a public tank | | C．her community makes full use of resources | | D．it is not necessary to water flowers very often |
小题4:How many examples are given to show the caring for the environment in Australia?小题5:What would be the best title for the passage?| A．Love nature, the Australian way | B．How Australians save resources | | C．How Australians lead their life | D．Protect nature, a must of life |
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Electrical devices（仪器）could soon use power make by human energy, Scientists say they have developed an experimental device that produces electricity from the physical movement of a person walking , British scientist Max Donelan and other scientists in Canada and the United States developed the device.
The device connects to a person’s knee, As the person walks, the device captures energy each time the person slows down, To do this ,the device helps with the slowing sown movement of the leg, The movements of the walking person push parts of a small machine that produces electricity, Using the device, an adult walking quickly could produce thirteen watts of electricity in just a minute, Donelan says walking at that speed could produce enough power to operate a laptop computer for six minutes.
There are several possible uses for the device ,Developers say it could help people who work in areas without electricity to operate small computers, The deice could also be used in hospitals to operate heart pacemakers（起博器）,It could even be used to assist in the movement of robotic arms and legs.
The experimental version of the device weighs about one and a half kilograms, but it is too costly for most people to buy, But the researchers hope to make a lighter, less costly version.An improved version should be ready in one year.
The developers hope the device will one day help developing countries, Nearly twenty five percent of people around the world live without electric power.
A similar product was invented in 2005 by Larry Rome of the University of Pennsylvania,He created a bag carried on a person’s back that also produces power from walking, The knee device does not produce as much electricity as the bag ,But the bag requires the walker to carry a load of twenty to thirty kilograms.
小题1:The second paragraph mainly talks about .| A．who developed the device | | B．how the device works | | C．several possible uses for the devices | | D．how much electricity the device can produce |
小题2:What is the disadvantage of the experimental version of the device?| A．It is too heavy for the walker to bear | | B．It is too complex for people to use | | C．It is too expensive for most people to afford | | D．It will slow down one’s walking speed. |
小题3:Compared with the device designed by Larry Rome ,this new device .| A．produces power without adding more loads to the walker | | B．can produce more power in a much shorter time | | C．needs to be equipped with a battery | | D．can help the walker walk faster |
小题4:From the passage, we can learn that the electrical device can .| A．help housewives operate the washing machine | | B．make it much easier for us to go online | | C．produce more electricity than that invented by Larry Rome | | D．be applied in medicine to operate heart pacemakers |
小题5:What would be the best title for the passage?| A．First device powered by walking will soon be on the market | | B．Advanced technology brings in a new way to operate heart pacemakers | | C．Device gives new meaning to the idea of power walking | | D．Human energy will become a main source of electricity |
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Conservationists have unveiled plans to preserve and protect the world"s most important species of coral, in a response to increasing threats that they say will lead to "functional extinction" within decades．
Led by scientists at the Zoological Society of London, the Edge Coral Reefs project has identified 10 coral species in most urgent risk of becoming extinct．The scientists say that reefs are under pressure from a variety of threats including rising sea temperatures due to climatic instability, increased acidity（酸性）, overfishing and pollution．
The Edge plan, which focuses on the most evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered species , will take a regional approach to conservation．This means focusing on the "coral triangle" around the Philippines, the West Indian Ocean around the Mozambique channel, and in the Caribbean channel．
"Coral reefs are threatened with functional extinction in the next 20-50 years, due predominantly to global climatic instability," said Catherine Head, coordinator of the reefs project．"In these regions, we"ll be supporting and training in-country conservationists to carry out research and implement targeted conservation actions," she said．"Their projects will last initially for two years．We provide them with a whole host of tools to carry out their projects including funding and intensive training．" She added．
Coral reefs are the planet"s most diverse marine ecosystem（生态系统）, known as the rainforests of the oceans．Despite taking up under 0．2% of the ocean floor, they provide food and shelter for almost a third of all sea life．If we lose the ecosystems, we lose not only the biodiversity （生物多样性）, but we also lose the capability of people to obtain income and food from coral reefs．
Climatic instability, which leads to rising sea temperatures, causes corals to bleach．Bleaching occurs when sea temperatures rise and this causes the coral tissue to expel their symbiotic algae called zooxanthellae - these are what give the coral their colour．Bleached corals often die if the stress continues．Among the 10 species chosen to start the Edge project are the pearl bubble coral, a food source for the hawksbill（玳瑁）turtle, and the Mushroom coral, which supports at least 15 brightly colored fish．
小题1:What does the first paragraph mean in the passage ?| A．Conservationists planned to preserve and protect some extinct corals years ago． | | B．Conservationists have banned plans to protect endangered corals for years． | | C．Conservationists are going to protect corals that are dying out in several ten years． | | D．Conservationists have made plans to protect corals from being extinct in ten years． |
小题2:What will probably happen to coral species with the increasing threats?| A．Decrease． | B．Losing functions | | C．Disappearance． | D．Existence |
小题3:Which of the following statements about the Edge Plan is TRUE?| A．The Edge Coral Reefs project was carried out by American scientists． | | B．The plan concentrates on the channels to protect the endangered species． | | C．The Conservationists have carried out the Edge plan for many years to protect the corals． | | D．Ten coral species chosen by the project are at the greatest risk of becoming extinct． |
小题4:Which of the following will be the consequence of coral extinction in the passage?| A．We will keep the balance of the marine ecosystems． | | B．About one third of the marine species can"t survive． | | C．Man can benefit more from corals． | | D．We will lose the rainforests on our earth． |
小题5:What is the best title of the passage?| A．Climatic Instability and Coral Extinction | | B．Reasons for Coral Functional Extinction． | | C．A Plan to Save Coral from Extinction | | D．A Research about Endangered Coral Reefs． |
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When Geoff Marcy was 14, his parents bought him a telescope. Every night, he would go onto the roof outside his window to see the wonders of the sky.
“What excited me most was whether there were planets in other solar systems where life might exist,” he says. “I decided to try to find planets orbiting other stars like our Sun.”
And he did. “My fellow researcher, Paul Butler, and I found our first planet in 1995,” Dr. Marcy says. “We worked for ten years without finding anything! But we stuck with it and our patience paid off.”
Since then, the two scientists have discovered 65 of the more than 100 planets found orbiting other stars. Dr. Marcy and Dr. Butler also spotted the first “family” of three planets. In June 2002 they announced another discovery: a Jupiter-like planet orbiting star 55Cancri.
At first, the two researchers found only planets that orbit close to stars. Recently, the scientists found planets farther out. The planet orbiting 55Cancri is a major breakthrough: it is the first sighting of a large gas planet about same distance from the star as Jupiter is from the Sun.
Why is this important ? Scientists think that life on Earth may exist because of two special features in our solar system. The first is Jupiter.
“Because it’s so big, Jupiter pulls comets and asteroids(小行星), or they all come and hit the Earth.” Dr. Marcy explains. “Without Jupiter , life on Earth would likely have been destroyed.”
A second feature is that Earth is a rocky planet where liquid water, which is necessary for life , can exist. Unlike gas planets, rocky planets like Earth have surfaces where water can gather in pools and seas, which may support life. A huge space exists between the Jupiter-like planet and two other planets that lie close to 55Cancri. Is there an Earth-like planet in the space, too small for us to notice? If so, says Dr. Marcy, “We would have two striking similarities to our solar system: a Jupiter-like planet and an Earth-like planet. And there may be life!”
小题1:What can we learn about Dr. Marcy from the passage?| A．He is fond of watching Jupiter. | | B．He is from a scientist family. | | C．He dislikes working with Paul Butler. | | D．He is interested in finding life in outer space. |
小题2:Which of the following is true of the recent discovery?| A．The planet is not as protective as Jupiter. | | B．The planet is close to star 55Cancri. | | C．The planet proves to be a gas planet. | | D．The planet is as large as Jupiter. |
小题3:Dr. Marcy and Dr. Butler began to find new planets in ____.小题4:Dr. Marcy thinks that life may exist in the 55Cancri system because ____.| A．he has found the system similar to the solar system. | | B．he has discovered an Earth-like planet there. | | C．he has discovered a rocky planet there. | | D．he has found signs of life in the system |
小题5:“But we stuck with it”( in Paragraph 3) means ____.| A．they felt discouraged | B．they carried on with it | | C．they failed in their attempt | D．they made some progress |
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