The twin towns of LAUFEN/OBERNDORFLaufen owes its former economical and cultural

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The twin towns of LAUFEN/OBERNDORF

Laufen owes its former economical and cultural significance to the river Salzach,which forms a peninsula with its sharp curves（弯） there.
Laufen’s economic boom began with the salt trade and the shipping on the river.The salt—mainly coming from Hallein and Bad Reichenhall—was loaded onto bigger ships downstream,which made Laufen one of the most important ports of shipment for salt in Salzburg and Bavaria.
The archbishop（大教主） of Salzburg had given special privileges to the people who were involved in the shipping of salt on the river Salzach.
The Napoleonic Wars brought occupation and serious disturbances.They brought the sudden end to the independent state of the Duke—Archbishop of Salzburg.The end of the 18th century brought a decrease in shipping because of the general economic situation.On the 1st May 1816 Salzburg definitively became a part of Austria （Munich agreement） that’s why the Salzach became the border between Bavaria and Austria.Laufen’s suburbs Oberndorf and Altach were divided up.The number of inhabitants fell from 1392 to 809.Even the re－unification of the two towns’shipsmen’s guilds（行会） and the reorganization of 1928 could not prevent the decline of shipping which finally came to an end in the late 19th century.
小题1:________played an important role in Laufen’s economy and culture life.

A．Salt

B．Shipment

C．Guilds

D．Theriver Salzach

小题2:The underlined word“boom”probably means________.

A．pleasant sounds

B．sudden increase

C．sudden decrease

D．trade

小题3:The main idea of this passage is mainly about ________.

A．how the economy declined in Laufen

B．the effects of The Napoleonic Wars

C．how the twin towns of LAUFEN and OBERNDORF came into being

D．the history of Salzburg

答案

小题1:D
小题2:B
小题3:C

解析

小题1:文章第一段已介绍了Salzach在以前的Laufen的经济文化中起了重要的作用。
小题2:根据该段的意思可知，boom应该表示“兴起”。
小题3:全文主要介绍姊妹城Laufen和Oberndorf的由来。

举一反三

If we say the four great inventions (Gunpowder,Compass,Paper and Art of Printing) reflected ancient China’s scientific achievements,then Zhaozhou Stone Bridge perfectly represented one of the greatest contributions to ancient China’s bridge building.Nobody was unfamiliar with the stone bridge full of legends and vivid folk stories.
The ancient Zhaozhou stone bridge started to be built in 590 during the Sui Dynasty (581～618) and established in 608.The pioneer for building the bridge was Li Chun who overcame unimaginable difficulties,undergoing all hardships.The location of the bridge is in Zhao County south,Hebei Province.It lay across the Xiaoshui River,far away from the mountains that provided rocky materials.In ancient times,it was such a busy,deep and wide river that could be used as an important carriage to transport heavy rocks and other materials.As we know,no train,no lifting machine could be used to move granite(花岗岩)blocks to the construction site.As an intelligent stonemason and engineer,Li Chun worked out his plan and design all from his own direct observation and investigation.It took his whole life-time in completing the great historical project inChina.Nowadays it is not only a historical remarkable model of architecture,but also a brilliant Chinese cultural crystallization(结晶) of wisdom.
The entire length of the bridge is 50.82 meters with 10 meters width.The whole stone bridge looks like a big bow,the span of which is 37.02 meters,and its height from the top to the surface of water at a regular position is 7.23 meters.The bridge arch seems to be moving smoothly and flatly.The whole arch consists of 28 big granite blocks connected each other tightly together.On both end sides of the general arch there are 4 smaller arches,2 of which on one side,the other 2 on the other side.The smaller arches could be used to decrease the weight of the bridge and save stone materials,and help flood get through easily,which seems to be much prettier.Such a hard-thinking and careful consideration of the engineering article is really a model of design and layout.The span was much wider than the other stone bridge in ancient times all over China.
Today Zhaozhou Stone Bridge is one of international cultural relics and perfectly protected and preserved by the concerned administration of China.
小题1:The best title of this passage is _________.

A．Great engineer in ancient China	B．Zhaozhou stone bridge
C．Four great inventions	D．How to build a bridge

小题2:The third paragraph mainly tells us _________.

A．the materials of Zhaozhou bridge	B．the structure of Zhaozhou bridge
C．the arches of Zhaozhou bridge	D．the importance of Zhaozhou bridge

小题3:The underlined word “carriage” probably refers to _________.

A．cart

B．transport

C．channel

D．resourse

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Archery(射箭) may be the oldest sport in the world. There are prehistoric drawings which show that bows and arrows were used 20 000 years ago. In early times, animals were always hunted and killed with bows and arrows. Good archers were very important when country fought against country. One of the most famous legends(传奇,传奇故事) in European history is the story of Wilhelm Tell. He was a Swiss who refused to work for an Austrian, and was ordered to shoot an apple from the head of his son. He hit the apple, and then shot the Austrian. Switzerland has been free since then, so the story goes.
Archers shoot at targets at 30, 50, 70 or 90 meters" distance from them. The targets are round,80 centimeters across, and have 5 circles painted round the centre. Bows are made of steel, wood and strong plastic, and arrows of wood. The sport is enjoyed in the open air in summer and in a building in winter. Archery is good for the chest, the arms and the back. Men and women can shoot together since being strong is not so important. Women usually use lighter bows. People who can"t walk or who have been ill can also enjoy it. For Zen Buddhists(佛教徒) archery is not only a sport but also something deeper. It helps the individual to understand himself and the meaning of life.
小题1:Good archers, were needed by countries in order to_______.

A．make bows and arrows	B．hunt animals
C．do drawings	D．kill enemies

小题2:The legend says Switzerland has been free since Wilhelm Tell_______.

A．killed an Austrian	B．invented a story
C．started working for an Austrian	D．shot an apple at his child

小题3:“Target” in Paragraph 2 most nearly means_______.

A．an image of a person

B．something to be aimed at in shooting-practice

C．an animal which is painted 5 circles

D．a dead animal used for shooting-practice

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The name “cowboy” conjures up many different images from movies, songs and TV. These imagined cowboys range from white-hat-wearing heroes to gun-shooting hooligans(流氓).But, cowboys are actually real people from US history.
When the US Civil War ended, many soldiers had no place to call home. So, they began to drift to the country"s rural West. Ranchers(农场主) hired these men to take care of the cattle and work around the ranch. When the ranch owner wanted to sell the cattle, the cowboys would round up the herd from the open prairie(牧场) and drive the cattle miles to the market.
With the invention of barbed wire(铁丝网),the cowboy era(1865-1890) began to come to an end. But people in the East had always been curious about their lifestyle. Many country/western songs during this time tried to capture the true cowboy spirit. Newspapers published cowboy tales in serial form and adventure novels followed. The bigger the fiction, the better the sales. These novels often portrayed cowboys as cruel and violent men. Cowboys carried the bad reputation for many years afterwards.
When movies began to be popular in the 1920s,the cowboy image changed again. Now, a cowboy became the great white knight(骑士) that loved his horse more than the beautiful ladies he rescued. As the cowboy of the “Old West” spent more time with his horse than the ladies, this era"s image was not entirely false.
Then, in the 50s,Hollywood began producing so-called “spaghetti westerns(意大利西部片)”.They earned the nickname because Italian companies financed the films and TV shows. This started the decade"s “Cowboy Craze”.While this didn"t last long, it made modern country/western music, fashion and dance extremely popular.
In recent years, with the help of musicians, radio stations and bars, cowboy nostalgia(怀旧情绪) has returned. Even though his image is still changing—somewhere between ballad singing country boy and barroom fighter—there"s one thing for sure, you can"t keep the cowboy down.
小题1:The purpose of this story is to _______.

A．introduce cowboy movies and novels

B．introduce various productions associated with cowboys

C．show the cowboy"s everlasting charm　

D．inform us about the cowboy"s spirit

小题2: Before they became cowboys, they _______.

A．served in the army	B．worked as bar-room fighters
C．owned ranches	D．were adventurous explorers

小题3:During “the cowboy era” mentioned in the story, _______.

A．the cowboy often came to the rescue of ladies in newspaper tales

B．the distant Wild West appealed to people in the East

C．cowboys were shown as cruel and violent men on the silver screen

D．country music started the cowboy craze which swept the whole country

小题4:By saying “you can"t keep the cowboy down”,the writer means that _______.

A．cowboys are real people in history	B．cowboys still fascinate people
C．you can"t make cowboys unhappy	D．you can"t grasp the cowboy spirit

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　　In 1826, a Frenchman named Niepce needed pictures for his business. But he was not a good artist. So he invented a very simple cameras. He put it in a window of his house and took a picture of his yard. That was the first photograph.
　　The next important date in the history! of photography was 1837. That year, Daguerre, another French, took a picture of his studio. He used a new kind of camera and a different process. In his pictures, you could see everything very clearly, even the smallest details. This kind of photograph was called a daguerreotype.
　　Soon, other people began to use Daguerre"s process. Travelers brought back daguerreotypes from all around the world. People photographed famous buildings, cities and mountains.
　　In about 1840, the process was improved. Then photographers could take pictures of people and moving things. The process was not simple. The photographers had to cary lots of films and processing equipment. But this did not stop the photographers, especially in the United States. After 1840s daguerreotype artists were popular in most cities.
　　Mathew Brady was a well - known American photographer. He took many pictures of famous people. The pictures were unusual because they were very life - like and full of personality （个性）.
　　Brady was also the first preson to take pictures of war. His 1862 Civil War pictures showed dead soldiers and ruined cities. They made the war seem more real and more terrible.
　　In the 1880s, new inventions began to change photography... Photographers could buy films readymade in rolls（卷）. So they did not have to make the film themselves. Also, they did not have to process the film immediately. They could bring it back to their studios and develop it later meaning that they did not have to carry lots of equipment. And finally, the invention of the small handheld camera made photography less expensive.
　　With the small camera, anyone could be a photographer. People began to use cameras just for fun. They took pictures of their families, friends and favorite places. They called these pictures" snapshot".
　　Photographs became very popular in newspapers in the 1890s. Soon magazines and books also used documentary photographs. These pictures showed true events and people. They were much more real than drawing.
　　Photography also turned into a form of art by the end of the 10th century. Some photographs were not just copies of the real world. They showed ideas and feelings, like other art forms.
　　小题1:The passage is mainly about ________.

A．the inventoin of cameras

B．a kind of new art - photography

C．the development of photography

D．the important dates in the history of photography

　　　小题2:The first pictures of a war were taken by________.

A．a French photographer in the 1840s

B．an American photographer in the 1860s

C．a German reporter in the 1880s

D．a French artist in the 1890s

　　小题3:Photography can also be an art form because artists can ________.

A．take anything they like

B．keep a record of real life

C．take photos of the famous

D．show ideas and feeling in pictures

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When in 1789，George Washington became the first president of the United States，there was no permanent(永久的)capital in which to house the government.During the Revolutionary War seven different cities had served as the national capital.In addition，members of congress(国会)could not agree as to where this permanent capital should be located.Some officials wanted it in the north，others wanted it in the south.Each of the states hoped that the capital might lie within its own state lines.At last it was decided that the capital should occupy a section(区域)by itself，separate from any of the states.The place chosen was situated on the Potomas River.The land belonged originally(原先地) to the state of Maryland，but Maryland agreed to the national government.The section was named the District of Columbia after Christopher Columbus.The city itself was named Washington，after George Washington.Work was begun on the new capital in 1791.In the year 1799 Congress occupied the new capital building at the same time the White House was opened as the home of all future presidents.
小题1:Before the year 1800，the capital of America had been located in_________.

A．Maryland

B．Washington

C．New York

D．several cities

小题2:Why was it decided that the capital should be separated from any of the states?Because_________.

A．the District of Columbia was on the borders(边境) of several states

B．the District of Columbia was in the center of America

C．Maryland insisted that the capital lie in its own state

D．each of the states wanted the capital might lie within its own state

小题3:Presidents of the United States live in_________.
A.the capital building C.Maryland C.New York D.the White House
小题4:Which of the following statements is true?

A．Capital is the place for presidents to live in.

B．Capital should be the largest city in the country.

C．It took nine years to build the capital of Washington.

D．Since 1791，Washington has been the capital of the United States.

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