About a third of all common cancers in the United States, China and Britain coul
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About a third of all common cancers in the United States, China and Britain could be prevented each year if people ate healthier food, drank less alcohol and exercised more, health experts said on Friday.
Reports from the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) suggest that making simple lifestyle changes could prevent some 40 percent of breast cancers alone in Britain and the United States, as well as tens of thousands of stomach cancers.
“Even in 2011, people are dying unnecessarily from cancers that could be prevented through keeping a healthy weight, diet, physical activity and other lifestyle factors,” said a WCRF medical and scientific adviser.
WCRF findings are supported by World Health Organization (WHO) reports, which say regular exercise can prevent many diseases such as cancers and heart diseases.
Cancer is a leading cause of death around the world and its incidence(发病率) is rising. Each year around 12.7 million people discover they have cancer and 7.6 million people die from some form of the disease. There are about 200 known types of cancer.
Rachel Thompson, the WCRF’s head of science, said that while the message was simple — that not smoking, eating good food and being a healthy weight can help ward off many cancers — it was still a difficult one to get across.
The WHO says adults should do at least 150 minutes of exercise a week. This could be done by walking for 30 minutes five times per week or by cycling to work every day.
Peter Baldini, head of the World Lung Foundation, also called on all governments to introduce smoke-free laws and raise the price of cigarettes. Tobacco kills millions of smokers every year, and tobacco-related lung cancers also kill hundreds of thousands of people who don’t smoke but have been exposed to it second-hand.
“There isn’t a magic bullet to cure all forms of cancer, but we have the opportunity and the duty to protect people from developing cancer wherever possible,” Baldini said.
小题1:Which of the following words can best take the place of the phrase “ward off” in the sixth paragraph? | A．protect | B．prevent | C．develop | D．cure。 |
小题2:Which of the following statements is Not true according to the text? | A．Exercising and eating healthily can help to reduce cancer risk. | | B．Each year about 12.7 million people are diagnosed with cancer around the world. | | C．Every year millions of people die from smoking and lung cancers. | | D．Adults should walk for fifty minutes three times per week. |
小题3:Which of the following can be the best title of this text? | A．Simple life changes could stop millions of cancers | | B．Cancer is a leading cause of death | | C．Our bad lifestyle caused many diseases | | D．The incidence of common cancers is rising |
小题4:By writing the passage, the author mainly intends to ____. | A．advise people to develop healthier lifestyle. | | B．warn people of the danger of cancers | | C．explain why many people die from cancers every year. | | D．introduce the ways to protect people from developing cancers |
小题5:We can infer from Peter Baldini’s opinion in the last two paragraphs that ____. | A．all the lung cancers are linked to smoking | | B．there is no medicine to cure the cancers but it’s our duty to find one | | C．all governments should take measures to control smokers and protect people’s health | | D．it’s our opportunity and duty to persuade people to give up smoking |
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答案
小题1:B
小题2:D
小题3:A
小题4:A
小题5:C |
解析
试题分析：生活方式的改变可以避免癌症的发生，在本文中作者指出如果人们吃健康食品，少饮酒，多运动就会避免三分之一的癌症发生。此外还用一些数据来证实了健康生活方式的重要性，并且呼吁政府部门要制定法律来避免人们受香烟的危害，给人们一个健康的生活空间。
小题1:B词义猜测题。根据文章第三段people are dying unnecessarily from cancers that could be prevented through keeping a healthy weight, diet, physical activity and other lifestyle factors,以及常识可以推断健康的生活方式能够避免癌症的发生，所以推断ward off 是“防止、避免”的意思，答案选B。
小题2:D细节理解题。根据文章倒数第三段The WHO says adults should do at least 150 minutes ….. 30 minutes five times per week or by cycling to work every day.可知成年人每周150分钟的锻炼可以每周进行五次时间为30分钟的步行或者骑自行车，不一定必须是每周三次为时50分钟的步行，所以D选项内容错误。
小题3:A主旨大意题。文章开头提出如果人们吃健康食品，少饮酒多运动就会避免三分之一的癌症发生，然后下文均围绕生活方式的改变会避免癌症的发生来展开行文，由此可知A选项内容能概括文章中心，所以答案选A。
小题4:A推理判断题。文章开头提出生活方式的改变可以避免癌症的发生，然后通过引用Rachel Thompson的话来证实健康生活方式的重要性以及呼吁政府部门要制定法律控制吸烟给人们带来的危害，让人们可以过更健康的生活，由此可知文章的目的就是建议人们养成健康的生活方式，避免癌症的发生，故答案选A。
小题5:C推理判断题。根据called on all governments to introduce smoke-free laws and raise the price of cigarettes. 和Tobacco kills millions of smokers every yea可知他认为政府要采取措施保护人们健康，远离香烟的危害，故C为正确选项。 |
举一反三
Good Housekeeping has discovered that even if a child wear a helmet when she bikes, or skates, it may not protect her from a serious head injury.
Every year, 390,000 children under age 15 go to hospital emergency rooms with bike-related injuries. Of that number, about one third children suffer head injuries and an estimated 200 die. By wearing a helmet, a child can reduce her risk of injury by as much as 85 percent. But remember —— a bicycle helmet must fit properly to be safe. Here are five steps to making sure your child"s helmet fits properly.
1) If you haven"t bought your child"s helmet already, you might want to consider one with a rear stabilizer(稳定杆). A rear stabilizer holds the back of the head gently and helps the helmet stay correctly positioned.
2) The helmet should fit closely and shouldn"t slide from side to side or front to back. If your child can put two fingers on both temples inside the helmet, it"s too big. Try a smaller size. But if the next size down is too small, use the fit pads(护垫). Fit pads come in different sizes and attach to the helmet with Velcro.
3) Tell your child to open her mouth widely and ask if she can feel the helmet push down onto the top of her head. If she can"t, you need to readjust her helmet.
4) To prevent strap slippage, wind a rubber band around the strap where it meets the fastener.
5) Recheck the fit regularly.
You should replace the bicycle helmet:
If she has been in an accident with it.
If the buckle(金属扣) breaks or if a piece breaks off.
If it doesn"t have a U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, American Society for Testing and Materials, or Snell Memorial Foundation sticker.
If it doesn"t fit correctly. Even if the helmet fit perfectly two years ago, it might be too small now.
小题1:Who is this passage mainly written for?| A．Children. | B．Teachers. | C．Parents. | D．helmet producers. |
小题2:What does the author mainly want to stress in the second paragraph?| A．The bike-related injury is a serious threat to the children. | | B．The bicycle helmets must fit properly while the children are biking. | | C．It’s necessary for the children to wear helmets while biking. | | D．Many students suffer bike-related injuries every year. |
小题3:If a girl finds a helmet a little bit big for her head, what should she do?| A．She must buy a smaller size. | | B．She can use some fit pads. | | C．She can put fingers on both temples inside the helmet. | | D．She must make helmet slide from side to side. |
小题4:Phil White, a father, found the buckle of his girl’s helmet broken, he can_______| A．buy a new bicycle helmet for her | | B．mend the bicycle helmet himself | | C．continue to use the bicycle helmet | | D．throw away the broken buckle |
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Doctors in Britain are warning of an obesity time bomb, when children who are already overweight grow up. So, what should we do? Exercise more? Eat less? Or both? The government feels it has to take responsibility for this expanding problem.
The cheerful Mr. Pickwick, the hero of the novel by Charles Dickens, is seen in illustrations as someone who is plump and happy. In 18th century paintings, beauty is equated （使…等同） with rounded bodies and soft curves. But nowadays being overweight is seen as indicating neither a cheerful character nor beauty but an increased risk of heart disease, stroke and diabetes.
So what do you do? Diet? Not according to England"s chief medical officer, Sir Liam Donaldson. He says that physical activity is the key for reducing the risks of obesity, cancer and heart disease. And the Health Secretary John Reid even said that being inactive is as serious a risk factor in heart disease as smoking.
So, having bought some cross trainers, how much exercise should you do? According to Sir Liam Donaldson, at least 30 minutes of moderate activity five days a week. Is going to the gym the answer? Luckily for those who think that running machines are boring, the Health Development Agency believes that physical activity that fits into people"s lives may be more effective. They suggest taking the stairs rather than the lift, walking up escalators, playing active games with your children, dancing or gardening. And according to a sports psychologist, Professor Biddle, gyms "are not making the nation fit", and may even cause harm.
There"s new scientific evidence that too much exercise may actually be bad for you. Scientists at the University of Ulster have found that unsuitable exercise releases dangerous free radicals that can adversely （oppositely） affect normal function in unfit people. The only people who should push their bodies to that level of exercise on a regular basis are trained athletes.
So, should we forget about gyms and follow some expert"s advice to reduce sedentary （久坐不动的） activities and increase exercise in our daily life? After all, getting off the bus a stop early and walking the rest of the way can"t do any harm! One final thought. How come past generations lacked gym facilities but were leaner and fitter than people today?
小题1:Mr.Pickwick and the paintings of the 18m century are used as examples to show that_____.| A．beauty should be overweight | | B．a fat man is usually a cheerful character | | C．fatness was considered something good at one time | | D．fatness leads to an increased risk of disease |
小题2:According to Sir Liam Donaldson, we should_____.| A．go on a diet | B．do regular physical activity | | C．give up smoking | D．go to the gym |
小题3:The underlined phrase cross trainers probably refers to _____.| A．people who help you do exercise | B．places where you can do exercise | | C．a kind of shoes | D．a form of vehicles |
小题4:At present being overweight indicates _____.| A．an increased risk of diseases | B．a happier life | | C．a cheerful character | D．a beauty |
小题5:What is the passage mainly about?| A．how to keep fit and avoid fatness. | B．increased risks for overweight people. | | C．the dangers of exercise in the gym. | D．the benefit of a balanced diet. |
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American researchers say drinking tea may help strengthen the body’s defense system against infection. Doctors at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, did the study. The team studied a chemical found in black, green, oolong and pekoe tea. This chemical is an amino acid called L-theanine. The scientists say it may increase the strength of gamma delta T cells. That’s the letter T, not the drink. Gamma delta T cells are part of the body’s defense.
First, the researchers mixed some of these cells with antigens found in the amino acid(氨基酸). Antigens help the body react to infection. Then the scientists added some bacteria. Within twenty-four hours, the cells produced a lot of interferon, a substance that fights infection. Cells not mixed with the antigens did not produce interferon.
In the second part of the study, eleven people drank five to six cups of black tea every day. Ten other people drank the same amount of instant coffee. That is dried coffee mixed with hot water.
Two weeks later, and again two weeks after that, the researchers tested the blood of all twenty-one people. They also looked at what happened when they added bacteria to the blood cells. They found that the tea drinkers produced five times more interferon after they started drinking tea. The coffee drinkers did not produce interferon.
Doctor Jack Bukowski led the study. He says the antigens added to the gamma delta T cells were responsible for the increased reaction to the bacteria. He says that the study also showed that the cells were able to remember the bacteria and fight them again the next time.
Earlier research already has found that tea can help prevent heart disease and cancer. Doctor Bukowski says the new study must be repeated by more people. “If the findings prove to be true,” he says, “then tea drinking might also help protect against bacterial infections.” He says the amino acid L-theanine could be removed from the tea and used as a drug to strengthen the body’s defenses.
小题1:We may know from the text that ______ can be found in different kinds of tea.| A．L-theanine | B．Gamma delta T cells | | C．interferon | D．bacteria |
小题2:Tea may help strengthen the body’s defense system because it helps ______.| A．to add some bacteria to the blood cells | | B．the body to produce more gamma delta T cells | | C．the body to produce more interferon | | D．to mix antigens with some of the cells in the body |
小题3:According to Dr Bukowski, ______.| A．the findings of the study have already proved to be true | | B．further study is needed to prove the findings true | | C．he has taken some amino acid L-theanine from tea and made a drug with it | | D．he is not sure whether tea help prevent heart disease and cancer |
小题4:What would be the best title for this text?| A．Tea Is Better than Coffee | B．Our Body Needs Tea | | C．Tea Can Help Prevent Cancer | D．Tea May Help Fight Infection |
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Healthy people with stressful jobs who work long hours but get little satisfaction from what they do have twice the risk of dying from heart disease as satisfied employees, according to a study. Job stress has been known to cause heart problems in people who already have cardiovascular disease (心血管病). Finnish scientists have now shown that even in healthy people the pressures of work can take their toll. High blood pressure, lack of exercise, smoking and being overweight contribute to heart disease—a leading killer in many industrialized countries.
But Mika Kivimaki, of the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, and his colleagues, who studied the medical histories of 812 healthy Finnish men and women in a metal industry company over 25 years, said job stress also plays an important role.
Workers who had the highest job-related stress levels at the start of the study were more than twice as likely to die of heart disease, according to the study published in The British Medical Journal. Work stress involves too much work as well as a lack of satisfaction and feeling undervalued and unappreciated. Many people work long hours but if the effort is rewarding the stress is minimized.
The British Heart Foundation said the results support earlier research showing that people in jobs with low control, such as manual(体力的) workers, could be as great risk of heart disease than other employees. “ It is advisable for people to try to minimize levels of stress at work and for employees to allow people to have more control at work and to be rewarded for their successes,” the foundation said in a statement.
小题1:Healthy people may die from heart disease of ____________.| A．too much job stress | B．working too hard | C．feeling valued | D．being satisfied |
小题2:Which one of the following is NOT right according to this passage?| A．High blood pressure is likely to cause heart disease. | | B．Being overweight may cause heart disease. | | C．Job stress is most likely to cause heart disease. | | D．Working long hours must cause heart disease. |
小题3:The underlined word “minimized” in the third paragraph means “_________”.| A．increased | B．reduced | C．raised | D．cured |
小题4:The author’s purpose in writing the passage is to _________.| A．advise people not to work long hours | | B．suggest that everyone be satisfied with everything | | C．ask us to learn to enjoy ourselves | | D．tell us that job stress threatens our health nowadays. |
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ASK any group of teenagers in the UK what they most like to eat, and foods like pizzas, curries, pasta, burgers and chips are bound to get a mention – and many young people would probably also list hanging out at the local fast-food restaurant as one of their favorite pastimes.
But what teenagers like to eat is not necessarily what they should be eating. According to the National Diet and Nutrition Survey, far too many young people in the UK between the ages of four and 18 consume too much fat, sugar and salt in their diet and take in too many calories. Meanwhile their intake of starchy carbohydrates (淀粉类碳水化合物), fibre, iron, vitamins and calcium is too low.
For a growing body, eating foods containing plenty of calcium, such as milk, yoghurt and cheese, is particularly important as calcium is essential for the development of healthy, strong bones. Similarly, foods that are rich in iron are good for young, rapidly developing bodies, so red meat, bread, green vegetables, dried fruit and fortified (强化的) breakfast cereals (谷类食物) are also recommended.
It is during our teenage years that lifestyle habits can become entrenched (根深蒂固的), so it is important that young people are educated about what foods are good for them. In 2005, in an attempt to change eating habits and open teenagers’ minds to new flavors and new tastes, celebrity chef Jamie Oliver launched a ‘Feed Me Better’ campaign. As part of a television series, ‘Jamie’s School Dinners’, he worked with teachers and cooks in a number of schools across the UK to provide more healthy, nutritious school meal options. Although the campaign was rather resisted at the beginning, it was generally regarded as a huge success and helped to influence governmental policy on nutritional standards for school meals.
No one expects to end the teenage love affair with fast and junk food but, hopefully, if projects like ‘Feed Me Better’ and the Government"s own ‘Change4Life’ campaign continue to give out the right messages, more young people will understand the importance of balancing occasional treats with healthier food options.
小题1:What can we conclude from the first two paragraphs?| A．British teenagers eat too much junk food. | | B．British teenagers need to take in more calcium. | | C．What British teenagers like to eat is probably what their bodies need | | D．British teenagers should reduce their intake of starchy carbohydrates. |
小题2:Young people need calcium and iron ______.| A．to improve their brainpower | | B．to build healthy strong bodies | | C．to provide energy for their body | | D．to help change their eating habits |
小题3:According to the article, Jamie Oliver launched a campaign at schools to ______.| A．show off his excellent cooking skills | | B．teach students how to cook nutritious meals | | C．make the public keep an eye on school food | | D．improve the children’s diet at school |
小题4:Which is a point that the article supports?| A．Teenagers should never eat any junk food at all. | | B．It’s easy for children to give up unhealthy eating. | | C．It’s okay for a healthy eater to have a little junk food. | | D．Once developed, our eating habit will never change. |
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