It doesn’t matter when and how much a person sleeps , but everyone needs some re
题型：不详难度：来源：
It doesn’t matter when and how much a person sleeps , but everyone needs some rest to stay alive. That’s what all doctors thought , until they heard about Herpin. Herpin, it was said , never slept. Could this be true? The doctors decided to see this strange man themselves.
Herpin was 90 years old when the doctors came to his home in New Jersey. They thought for sure that he got some sleep of some kind. So they stayed with him and watched every movement he made. But they were surprised. Though they watched him hour after hour and day after day, they never saw him sleeping. In fact, he did not even own a bed. He never needed one.
The only rest that Herpin sometimes got was sitting in a comfortable chair and reading newspapers. The doctors were puzzled by this strange continuous sleeplessness. They asked him many questions, hoping to find an answer. They found only one answer that might explain his condition. Herpin remembered some talk about his mother having been injured several days before he was born. But that was all. Was this the real reason? No one could be sure. Herpin died at the age of 94.
小题1:The main idea of this passage is that_____| A．large numbers of people do not need sleep | | B．a person was found who actually didn’t need any sleep | | C．everyone needs some sleep to stay alive | | D．people can live longer by trying not to sleep |
小题2:The doctors came to visit Herpin, expecting_____| A．to cure him of his sleeplessness | | B．to find that his sleeplessness was not really true | | C．to find out why some old people did not need any sleep | | D．to find a way to free people from the need of sleeping |
小题3:After watching him closely, the doctors came to believe that Herpin_____| A．needed some kind of sleep | | B．was too old to need any sleep | | C．needed no sleep at all | | D．often sleep in a chair |
小题4:One reason that might explain Herpin’s sleeplessness was _____| A．his mother’s injury before he was born | | B．that he had gradually got rid of the sleeping habit | | C．his magnificent physical condition | | D．that he hadn’t got a bed |
小题5:Herpin’s condition could be regarded as ______| A．a common one | B．one that could be cured | C．very healthy | D．a rare one |
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答案
小题1:B
小题2:B
小题3:C
小题4:A
小题5:D |
解析
试题分析：本文叙述了医生跟踪调查Herpin的不睡觉之谜，90岁高龄的老人Herpin住在新泽西，医生去老人的家里去观察老人一天的活动情况，结果发现老人确实一天不用睡觉，其实他连床都没有，他唯一的休息方式就是坐在椅子上看报，通过和老人交谈得知老人在他出生前他的母亲曾经受过伤，这可能就是老人不需睡觉的原因所在。
小题1:这是细节理解题。根据The doctors decided to see this strange man themselves.和整篇短文来看主要讲述的是关于Herpin的情况，故选B。
小题2:这是细节理解题。根据They thought for sure that he got some sleep of some kind.医生来之前不相信他不睡觉，所以希望发现他不睡觉这事不是真的，故选B。
小题3:这是细节理解题。根据The doctors were puzzled by this strange continuous sleeplessness. hey found only one answer that might explain his condition. Herpin remembered some talk about his mother having been injured several days before he was born. But that was all. 通过观察老人和他交谈医生得知老人没有床也不用睡觉，故选C。
小题4:这是细节理解题。根据Herpin remembered some talk about his mother having been injured several days before he was born. But that was all通过和老人交谈医生得知老人在他出生前他的母亲曾经受过伤，这可能就是老人不需睡觉的原因所在，故选A。
小题5:这是细节理解题。根据everyone needs some rest to stay alive.每个人都需睡觉才能活着，所以说Herpin 是特例，故选D。
点评：细节理解题为阅读考题的重头戏，所占比例很高，相对而言较简单，因为这类题虽然要求理解准确，但基本上限于字面意义的理解，范围也限于局部，因此是我们可望得高分的部分。细节题绝大部分体现“中心思想是解”这一原理。本文都是细节理解题，在文中比较容易找到答案。 |
举一反三
If you do not use your arms or your legs for some time, they become weak; when you start using them again, they slowly become strong again. Everybody knows that. Yet many people do not seem to know that memory works in the same way.
When someone says that he has a good memory, he really means that he keeps his memory in practice by using it. When someone else says that his memory is poor, he really means that he does not give it enough chance to become strong.
If a friend says that his arms and legs are weak, we know that it is his fault. But if he tells us that he has a poor memory, many of us think that his parents are to blame, and few of us know that it is just his own fault.
Have you ever found that some people can"t read or write but they have better memories? This is because they cannot read or write and they have to remember things; they cannot write them down in a little notebook. They have to remember days, names, songs and stories; so their memory is the whole time being exercised.
So if you want to have a good memory, learn from the people: practise remembering.
小题1:If you do not use your arms or legs for some time, ______.| A．you can"t use them any more | | B．they will become stronger | | C．they become weak but they slowly become strong again | | D．they become weak and won"t become strong until you use them again |
小题2:Some people can"t read or write, but they usually have better memories, because ______.| A．they can"t write everything in a little notebook | | B．they have to use their memories all the time | | C．they have saved much trouble | | D．they have saved much time to remember things |
小题3:The main reason for one"s poor memory is that ______ | A．he does not use his arms or legs for some time | B．he can"t read or write | | C．his father or mother may have a poor memory | D．his memory is not often used |
小题4:Give the best title for this passage.| A．How To Have A Good Memory | B．Don"t Stop Using Your Arms Or Legs | | C．Strong Arms And Good Memories | D．Learn From The People |
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American society is not nap (午睡)-friendly. In fact, says David Dinges, a sleep specialist at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, “There’s even a prohibition against admitting we need sleep”. Nobody wants to be caught napping or found asleep at work. To quote a proverb: “Some sleep five hours, nature requires seven, laziness nine and wickedness eleven.”
Wrong. The way not to fall asleep at work is to take naps when you need them. “We have to totally change our attitude toward napping,” says Dr. William Dement of Stanford University, the godfather of sleep research.
Last year a national commission led by Dement identified an “American sleep debt” which one member said was as important as the national debt. The commission was concerned about the dangers of sleepiness: people causing industrial accidents or falling asleep while driving. This may be why we have a new sleep policy in the White House. According to recent reports, President Clinton is trying to take a ha1f-hour snooze (瞌睡) every afternoon.
About 60 percent of American adults nap when given the opportunity. We seem to have “a mid afternoon quiet phase,” also called “a secondary sleep gate.” Sleeping 15 minutes to two hours in the early afternoon can reduce stress and make us refreshed. Clearly, we were born to nap.
We Superstars of Snooze don"t nap to replace lost shut-eye or to prepare for a night shift.Rather, we “snack” on sleep, whenever, wherever and at whatever time we feel like it. I myself have napped in buses, cars, planes and on boats; on floors and beds; and in libraries, offices and museums.
小题1:It is commonly accepted in American society that too much sleep is .| A．unreasonable | B．criminal | C．harmful | D．costly |
小题2:The research done by the Dement Commission shows that Americans ________.| A．don"t like to take naps | | B．are terribly worried about their national debt | | C．sleep less than is good for them | | D．have caused many industrial and traffic accidents |
小题3:The purpose of this article is to .| A．warn us of the wickedness of napping | | B．explain the danger of sleepiness | | C．discuss the side effects of napping | | D．convince the reader of the necessity of napping |
小题4:The underlined phrase “American sleep debt” in Para. 3 is the result of .| A．the traditional misconception the Americans have about sleep | | B．the new sleep policy of the Clinton Administration | | C．the rapid development of American industry | | D．the Americans" worry about the danger of sleepiness |
小题5:The second sentence of the last paragraph tells us that it is .| A．preferable to have a sound sleep before a night shift | | B．good practice to eat something light before we go to bed | | C．essential to make up for cost sleep | | D．natural to take a nap whenever we feel the need for it |
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Some students get so nervous before a test, they do poorly even if they know the material. Sian Beilock has studied these highly anxious test-takers.
Sian Beilock: “They start worrying about the consequences. They might even start worrying about whether this exam is going to prevent them from getting into the college they want. And when we worry, it actually uses up attention and memory resources.I talk about it as your cognitive horsepower that you could otherwise be using to focus on the exam.”
Professor Beilock and another researcher, Gerardo Ramirez, have developed a possible solution. Just before an exam, highly anxious test-takers spend ten minutes writing about their worries about the test.
Sian Beilock: “what we think happens is when students put it down on paper , they think about the worst that could happen and they reappraise the situation. They might realize it’s not as had as they might think it was before and, in essence(本质上), it prevents these thoughts from popping up when they’re actually taking a test.”
The researchers tested the idea on a group of twenty anxious college students. They gave them two short math tests. After the first one, they asked the students to either sit quietly or write about their feelings about the upcoming second test.
The researchers added to the pressure. They told the students that those who did well on the second test would get money. They also told them that their performance would affect other students as part of a team effort.
Professor Beilock says those who sat quietly scored an average of twelve percent worse on the second test. But the students who had written about their fears improved their performance by an average of five percent.
Next, the researchers used younger students in a biology class. They told them before final exams either to write about their feelings or to think about things unrelated to the test.
Prefessor Beilock says highly anxious students who did the writing got an average grade of B+, compared to a B- for those who did not.
Sian Beilock: “What we showed is that for students who are highly test-anxious, who’d done our writing intervention, all of a sudden there was no relationship between test anxiety and performance. Those students most likely to worry were performing just as well as their classmates who don’t normally get nervous in these testing situations.”
But what if students do not have a chance to write about their fears immediately before an exam or presentation? Professor Beilock says students can try it themselves at home or in the library and still improve their performance.
小题1:What may happen if students have the problem of test anxiety?| A．Test anxiety can improve students’ performance to some degree. | | B．Students’ attention and memory resources run out when worried. | | C．Students may not be admitted into their favorite college if worried | | D．Test anxiety is sure to cause students to fail the test. |
小题2:Which of the following if TRUE?| A．In the first math test, students who sat quietly performed better. | | B．In the second math test, students who wrote about their feelings did worse. | | C．Some college students are highly anxious test-takers while others are not in the tests. | | D．The result in the math test agrees with that in the biology test. |
小题3:What does the underlined phrase “popping up” mean?| A．Giving out | B．Fading away | C．Becoming clearly | D．Appearing suddenly |
小题4:what is most probably Sian Beilock?| A．A psychology professor. | B．A philosophy researcher. | | C．A politics professor | D．A tutor |
小题5:What is the main idea of the passage?| A．It is a common practice for students being worried before a test. | | B．Being worried before tests does harm to students’ performance. | | C．Anxious students overcome test anxiety by writing down fears. | | D．It is important for students to overcome test anxiety. |
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We can’t live without food. Today our knowledge of food and what it does for our bodies is far more advanced than____1_____of the old times. Now we know____2___vitamins and how each kind of vitamins__3_____in the growth of a special part of our body._____4____ on the market all kinds of vitamins which we can take to______5____our lack of certain important things which are needed for good health.____6____ if we eat well and properly, the food that we eat will ___7____ our bodies and so there is no____8_____to take any kind of vitamins ____9____ our doctors tell us that our bodies are_____10____of something which can be supplied by it. Generally speaking, everything we eat ____11____ some good to our bodies, but if we eat ____12____ of one kind of food and pay______13____attention to others, we may have too much of one kind and not____14____ of others. Then we may be ____15___ trouble. We are often told___16_____ we must eat some meat every day in order to get the necessary proteins. That is only____17____true, for proteins are not found only in meat. We can also get them___18____some vegetables. The best advice about ____19___ to eat is that we should eat all kinds of food____20__ never too much of one kind.
| 小题3: | | A．does | B．makes | C．helps | D．works |
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| 小题4: | | A．There have | B．There are | C．They are | D．They have |
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| 小题5: | | A．have for | B．make for | C．get for | D．make up for |
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| 小题6: | | A．Of course | B．Then | C．But | D．And |
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| 小题7: | | A．attend | B．take care of | C．look for | D．pay attention to |
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| 小题8: | | A．worry | B．possibility | C．need | D．chance |
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| 小题9: | | A．when | B．if | C．unless | D．until |
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| 小题10: | | A．short | B．lost | C．part | D．full |
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| 小题12: | | A．too much | B．too little | C．too few | D．too many |
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| 小题13: | | A．too little | B．too much | C．a little too | D．much too |
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| 小题14: | | A．a little | B．little | C．many | D．enough |
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| 小题17: | | A．likely | B．partly | C．hardly | D．really |
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| 小题19: | | A．what | B．whether | C．why | D．which |
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The poorer mental function seen among alcoholics，many of whom also regularly smoke cigarettes，may be partly due to the long term effects of nicotine(尼古丁)，new research suggests.
“People who are also smokers are at a much higher risk，” Dr.Jennifer M.Glass of the University of Michigan"s Addiction Research Center said. In her study，“Cigarette smoking has a bad effect on IQ and thinking，” she said.
This finding may seem counterintuitive(违反直觉的)，since many smokers show that they feel quicker and focused after smoking. Indeed，research shows that improved mental functioning is one of the immediate effects of nicotine exposure. Chronic(慢性的)smoking，however，is known to have the opposite effect. Studies show that up to 87 percent of alcoholics smoke cigarettes.
Yet，few studies have looked into cigarette smoking as a factor that might explain the cognitive(认知的)lack reported among alcoholics. To search for that association，Glass and her colleagues examined brain function among 172 men from the same area，including 103 men who abused alcohol. The team found that men with higher scores on the lifetime alcohol problems scale(LAPS)and those who reported a higher number of pack years of smoking both had lower IQ scores.
Upon further research，the researchers found that smoking also appeared to be independently associated with weaker word and space reasoning.
Thus，though smoking did not account for all of the decreased mental functioning observed among the alcohol abusers，it did seem to account for some of the effects，the report indicates.
小题1:What is the passage mainly about?| A．Cigarette smoking contributes to decreased IQ and thinking. | | B．Alcohol abuse is to blame for the poorer mental function. | | C．Most of the alcoholics are also heavy smokers. | | D．Non-smokers mostly have higher IQ scores. |
小题2:The underline sentence “Chronic smoking, however, is known to have opposite effect” in paragraph 3 suggests:| A．Chronic smoking can improve mental functioning. | | B．Chronic smoking has an immediate influence on mental functioning. | | C．Chronic smoking has side effect on mental functioning improvement. | | D．Chronic smokers feel quicker and focused after smoking. |
小题3:From the passage we can learn that .| A．cigarette smoking is not related to reasoning | | B．nicotine exposure can improve mental functioning temporarily | | C．the long term effects of nicotine cause alcoholics | | D．men with lower scores on the LAPS have lower IQ scores |
小题4:It can be inferred from the passage that .| A．many alcoholics suffer a great deal from smoking | | B．giving up smoking is significantly challenging for the alcoholics | | C．alcoholics who do not smoke much have higher IQ scores | | D．other factors can cause the poorer mental functioning besides smoking |
小题5:The purpose of this passage is .| A．to warn us of the bad effects of smoking on IQ and thinking | | B．to tell us why people are addicted to smoking | | C．to give us some advice on how to improve IQ and reasoning | | D．to compare the bad effects of alcohol and cigarette |
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