American society is not nap (午睡)-friendly. In fact, says David Dinges, a sleep s
题型：不详难度：来源：
American society is not nap (午睡)-friendly. In fact, says David Dinges, a sleep specialist at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, “There’s even a prohibition against admitting we need sleep”. Nobody wants to be caught napping or found asleep at work. To quote a proverb: “Some sleep five hours, nature requires seven, laziness nine and wickedness eleven.”
Wrong. The way not to fall asleep at work is to take naps when you need them. “We have to totally change our attitude toward napping,” says Dr. William Dement of Stanford University, the godfather of sleep research.
Last year a national commission led by Dement identified an “American sleep debt” which one member said was as important as the national debt. The commission was concerned about the dangers of sleepiness: people causing industrial accidents or falling asleep while driving. This may be why we have a new sleep policy in the White House. According to recent reports, President Clinton is trying to take a ha1f-hour snooze (瞌睡) every afternoon.
About 60 percent of American adults nap when given the opportunity. We seem to have “a mid afternoon quiet phase,” also called “a secondary sleep gate.” Sleeping 15 minutes to two hours in the early afternoon can reduce stress and make us refreshed. Clearly, we were born to nap.
We Superstars of Snooze don"t nap to replace lost shut-eye or to prepare for a night shift.Rather, we “snack” on sleep, whenever, wherever and at whatever time we feel like it. I myself have napped in buses, cars, planes and on boats; on floors and beds; and in libraries, offices and museums.
小题1:It is commonly accepted in American society that too much sleep is .| A．unreasonable | B．criminal | C．harmful | D．costly |
小题2:The research done by the Dement Commission shows that Americans ________.| A．don"t like to take naps | | B．are terribly worried about their national debt | | C．sleep less than is good for them | | D．have caused many industrial and traffic accidents |
小题3:The purpose of this article is to .| A．warn us of the wickedness of napping | | B．explain the danger of sleepiness | | C．discuss the side effects of napping | | D．convince the reader of the necessity of napping |
小题4:The underlined phrase “American sleep debt” in Para. 3 is the result of .| A．the traditional misconception the Americans have about sleep | | B．the new sleep policy of the Clinton Administration | | C．the rapid development of American industry | | D．the Americans" worry about the danger of sleepiness |
小题5:The second sentence of the last paragraph tells us that it is .| A．preferable to have a sound sleep before a night shift | | B．good practice to eat something light before we go to bed | | C．essential to make up for cost sleep | | D．natural to take a nap whenever we feel the need for it |
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答案
小题1:A
小题2:C
小题3:D
小题4:A
小题5:D |
解析
试题分析：文章讲述了美国传统观念是不允许午睡的，但是最近的研究表明午睡对于美国人是非常重要，美国的睡眠缺失现象非常严重，作者呼吁午睡是一种天性，无论何时何地只要感觉困了就应该小睡一会。
小题1:推断题。由第一段，美国人不喜欢午睡，事实上，宾夕法尼亚大学医学院睡眠专家David Dinges说，“甚至有一个禁令不允许我们需要睡眠。在工作的时候，没有人愿意被发现在打瞌睡或在睡觉。引用一个谚语：有的人睡5个小时，正常情况需7个小时，懒惰者需9个小时，堕落者需11个小时。由此可知，美国人认为过多的失眠是不合理的。并不是罪恶的，有害的，昂贵的。故答案为A
小题2:推断题。美国人都普遍缺乏睡眠，他们的睡眠欠缺和国债一样不可小觑。可见，美国认为睡眠少对他们有益，这样可以做更多的事情。故答案为C
小题3:主旨题。由第二段The way not to fall asleep at work is to take naps when you need them. We have to totally change our attitude toward napping。工作时不睡着的方法是当你困的时候就小睡一下，我们必须完全改变我们对于小睡的态度。可知，本文的意图是使读者认识到小睡的必要性。故答案为D
小题4:细节题。由第一段可知，美国人不重视午睡，没有人想在工作时被发现在打盹或睡着了，还有一句俗语来抨击午睡，可见是传统观念在误导着他们。故选A
小题5:推断题。由最后一段，睡觉是我们的一部分，无论何时，何地，我自己在公交车里，汽车，飞机，船上，在床上，图书馆，办公室，博物馆里都可以小睡。可知，本段是要告诉我们不论何时，当我们需要休息的时候，就应该小睡一会。故答案为D
点评：夹叙夹议的材料是近几年高考阅读理解的常考题型，学生对此类夹叙夹议的文章，如果生词多就不知道如何作答了。遇到类似情况可以重点看作者所发表的议论，把握好作者的感情色彩，是褒义还是贬义。本文文脉清晰，题目设置不难，答题时需要仔细对照原文和题目的选项，把握好作者是非常支持午睡的这一点。 |
举一反三
Some students get so nervous before a test, they do poorly even if they know the material. Sian Beilock has studied these highly anxious test-takers.
Sian Beilock: “They start worrying about the consequences. They might even start worrying about whether this exam is going to prevent them from getting into the college they want. And when we worry, it actually uses up attention and memory resources.I talk about it as your cognitive horsepower that you could otherwise be using to focus on the exam.”
Professor Beilock and another researcher, Gerardo Ramirez, have developed a possible solution. Just before an exam, highly anxious test-takers spend ten minutes writing about their worries about the test.
Sian Beilock: “what we think happens is when students put it down on paper , they think about the worst that could happen and they reappraise the situation. They might realize it’s not as had as they might think it was before and, in essence(本质上), it prevents these thoughts from popping up when they’re actually taking a test.”
The researchers tested the idea on a group of twenty anxious college students. They gave them two short math tests. After the first one, they asked the students to either sit quietly or write about their feelings about the upcoming second test.
The researchers added to the pressure. They told the students that those who did well on the second test would get money. They also told them that their performance would affect other students as part of a team effort.
Professor Beilock says those who sat quietly scored an average of twelve percent worse on the second test. But the students who had written about their fears improved their performance by an average of five percent.
Next, the researchers used younger students in a biology class. They told them before final exams either to write about their feelings or to think about things unrelated to the test.
Prefessor Beilock says highly anxious students who did the writing got an average grade of B+, compared to a B- for those who did not.
Sian Beilock: “What we showed is that for students who are highly test-anxious, who’d done our writing intervention, all of a sudden there was no relationship between test anxiety and performance. Those students most likely to worry were performing just as well as their classmates who don’t normally get nervous in these testing situations.”
But what if students do not have a chance to write about their fears immediately before an exam or presentation? Professor Beilock says students can try it themselves at home or in the library and still improve their performance.
小题1:What may happen if students have the problem of test anxiety?| A．Test anxiety can improve students’ performance to some degree. | | B．Students’ attention and memory resources run out when worried. | | C．Students may not be admitted into their favorite college if worried | | D．Test anxiety is sure to cause students to fail the test. |
小题2:Which of the following if TRUE?| A．In the first math test, students who sat quietly performed better. | | B．In the second math test, students who wrote about their feelings did worse. | | C．Some college students are highly anxious test-takers while others are not in the tests. | | D．The result in the math test agrees with that in the biology test. |
小题3:What does the underlined phrase “popping up” mean?| A．Giving out | B．Fading away | C．Becoming clearly | D．Appearing suddenly |
小题4:what is most probably Sian Beilock?| A．A psychology professor. | B．A philosophy researcher. | | C．A politics professor | D．A tutor |
小题5:What is the main idea of the passage?| A．It is a common practice for students being worried before a test. | | B．Being worried before tests does harm to students’ performance. | | C．Anxious students overcome test anxiety by writing down fears. | | D．It is important for students to overcome test anxiety. |
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We can’t live without food. Today our knowledge of food and what it does for our bodies is far more advanced than____1_____of the old times. Now we know____2___vitamins and how each kind of vitamins__3_____in the growth of a special part of our body._____4____ on the market all kinds of vitamins which we can take to______5____our lack of certain important things which are needed for good health.____6____ if we eat well and properly, the food that we eat will ___7____ our bodies and so there is no____8_____to take any kind of vitamins ____9____ our doctors tell us that our bodies are_____10____of something which can be supplied by it. Generally speaking, everything we eat ____11____ some good to our bodies, but if we eat ____12____ of one kind of food and pay______13____attention to others, we may have too much of one kind and not____14____ of others. Then we may be ____15___ trouble. We are often told___16_____ we must eat some meat every day in order to get the necessary proteins. That is only____17____true, for proteins are not found only in meat. We can also get them___18____some vegetables. The best advice about ____19___ to eat is that we should eat all kinds of food____20__ never too much of one kind.
| 小题3: | | A．does | B．makes | C．helps | D．works |
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| 小题4: | | A．There have | B．There are | C．They are | D．They have |
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| 小题5: | | A．have for | B．make for | C．get for | D．make up for |
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| 小题6: | | A．Of course | B．Then | C．But | D．And |
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| 小题7: | | A．attend | B．take care of | C．look for | D．pay attention to |
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| 小题8: | | A．worry | B．possibility | C．need | D．chance |
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| 小题9: | | A．when | B．if | C．unless | D．until |
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| 小题10: | | A．short | B．lost | C．part | D．full |
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| 小题12: | | A．too much | B．too little | C．too few | D．too many |
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| 小题13: | | A．too little | B．too much | C．a little too | D．much too |
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| 小题14: | | A．a little | B．little | C．many | D．enough |
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| 小题17: | | A．likely | B．partly | C．hardly | D．really |
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| 小题19: | | A．what | B．whether | C．why | D．which |
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The poorer mental function seen among alcoholics，many of whom also regularly smoke cigarettes，may be partly due to the long term effects of nicotine(尼古丁)，new research suggests.
“People who are also smokers are at a much higher risk，” Dr.Jennifer M.Glass of the University of Michigan"s Addiction Research Center said. In her study，“Cigarette smoking has a bad effect on IQ and thinking，” she said.
This finding may seem counterintuitive(违反直觉的)，since many smokers show that they feel quicker and focused after smoking. Indeed，research shows that improved mental functioning is one of the immediate effects of nicotine exposure. Chronic(慢性的)smoking，however，is known to have the opposite effect. Studies show that up to 87 percent of alcoholics smoke cigarettes.
Yet，few studies have looked into cigarette smoking as a factor that might explain the cognitive(认知的)lack reported among alcoholics. To search for that association，Glass and her colleagues examined brain function among 172 men from the same area，including 103 men who abused alcohol. The team found that men with higher scores on the lifetime alcohol problems scale(LAPS)and those who reported a higher number of pack years of smoking both had lower IQ scores.
Upon further research，the researchers found that smoking also appeared to be independently associated with weaker word and space reasoning.
Thus，though smoking did not account for all of the decreased mental functioning observed among the alcohol abusers，it did seem to account for some of the effects，the report indicates.
小题1:What is the passage mainly about?| A．Cigarette smoking contributes to decreased IQ and thinking. | | B．Alcohol abuse is to blame for the poorer mental function. | | C．Most of the alcoholics are also heavy smokers. | | D．Non-smokers mostly have higher IQ scores. |
小题2:The underline sentence “Chronic smoking, however, is known to have opposite effect” in paragraph 3 suggests:| A．Chronic smoking can improve mental functioning. | | B．Chronic smoking has an immediate influence on mental functioning. | | C．Chronic smoking has side effect on mental functioning improvement. | | D．Chronic smokers feel quicker and focused after smoking. |
小题3:From the passage we can learn that .| A．cigarette smoking is not related to reasoning | | B．nicotine exposure can improve mental functioning temporarily | | C．the long term effects of nicotine cause alcoholics | | D．men with lower scores on the LAPS have lower IQ scores |
小题4:It can be inferred from the passage that .| A．many alcoholics suffer a great deal from smoking | | B．giving up smoking is significantly challenging for the alcoholics | | C．alcoholics who do not smoke much have higher IQ scores | | D．other factors can cause the poorer mental functioning besides smoking |
小题5:The purpose of this passage is .| A．to warn us of the bad effects of smoking on IQ and thinking | | B．to tell us why people are addicted to smoking | | C．to give us some advice on how to improve IQ and reasoning | | D．to compare the bad effects of alcohol and cigarette |
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There is an English saying: “Laughter is the best medicine.” Until recently, few people took the saying seriously. Now, however, doctors have begun to look into (调查) laughter and the effects it has on the human body. They have found that laughter really can improve people’s health. Tests were carried out to study the effects of laughter on the body. People watched funny films while doctors checked their heart, blood pressure, breathing and muscles. It was found that laughter has similar effects to physical exercise. It increases blood pressure, the heart beating and breathing; it also works several groups of muscles in the face, the stomach, and even the feet. If laughter exercises the body, it must be beneficial (有益的).
Other tests have shown that laughter appears to be able to reduce the effect of pain on the body. In one experiment doctors produced pain in groups of students who listened to different radio programs. The group that tolerated (忍受) the pain for the longest time was the groups which listened to a funny program. The reason why laughter can reduce pain seems to be that it helps to produce a kind of chemicals in the brain which reduce both stress (紧张；压力) and pain.
As a result of these discoveries, some doctors in the United States now hold laughter clinics (诊所), in which they help to improve their patients’ condition by encouraging them to laugh. They have found that even if their patients do not really feel like laughing, making them smile is enough to produce beneficial effects similar to those caused by laughter.
小题1:The underlined phrase “took the saying seriously” in the first paragraph probably means “________”.| A．treat the saying as important | B．treat the saying as interesting | | C．treat the saying as dangerous | D．treat the saying as funny |
小题2:The main idea of the passage is _______.| A．laughter and physical exercises have similar effects on the human body | | B．smile can produce the same effects as laughter | | C．pain can be reduced by laughter | | D．laughter is the best medicine |
小题3:Doctors hold laughter clinics _______.| A．to give better condition to their patients | | B．in order to improve patients’ health | | C．to make patients smile | | D．to prove smile and laughter have the same effect |
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How many times have you got upset because someone wasn"t doing his job，because your child isn"t behaving？How many times have you been irritated (恼怒的) when you"ve planned something carefully and things didn"t go as you"d hoped?
This kind of anger and irritation happens to all of us—it’s part of the human experiences.
One thing that irritates me is when people talk during a movie，or cut me off in traffic. Actually, I have a lot of these little annoyances—don"t we all？And it isn’t always easy to find peace when you’ve become upset or irritated.
Let me tell you a little secret to finding peace of mind: see the glass as already broken .
See, the cause of our stress, anger and irritation is that things don"t go the way we like, the way we expect them to. Think of how many times this has been true for you. And so the solution is simple：expect things to go wrong, expect things to be different than we hoped or planned，expect the unexpected to happen. And accept it.
One quick example: on our recent trip to Japan, I told my kids to expect things to go wrong—they always do on a trip. I told them, “See it as part of the adventure.”
And this worked like a charm. When we inevitably(不可避免地) took the wrong train on a foreignlanguage subway system, or when it rained on the day we went to Disney Sea, or when we took three trains and walked 10 blocks only to find the National Children"s Castle closed on Mondays...they said, “It"s part of the adventure！” And it was all OK—we didn"t get too bothered.
So when the nice glass you bought inevitably falls and breaks some day, you might get upset. But things will be different, if you see the glass as already broken, from the day you get it. You know it"ll break some day, so from the beginning, see it as already broken. Be a timetraveler, or someone with timetraveling vision, and see the future of this glass, from this moment until it inevitably breaks. And when it breaks, you won"t be upset or sad—because it was already broken, from the day you got it. And you’ll realize that every moment you have with it is precious.
小题1:The author would probably agree that________.| A．we should control our anger and irritation | | B．we must get well prepared for the future | | C．optimism can help us overcome our anger and irritation | | D．anger and irritation is a natural part of our life |
小题2:The purpose of the author is to________.| A．tell us his own experience in life | | B．advise us how to find peace of mind | | C．tell us a happy trip he took with his children | | D．ask us to see things from both sides |
小题3:By the underlined part (in Para.3), the author tells us to________.| A．get ready for the worst result of things | | B．enjoy the process of things | | C．expect little from life | | D．find the relationship between cause and effect |
小题4:The author’s children could enjoy their trip to Japan because________.| A．everything went smoothly | | B．they had a lot of adventures | | C．they had expected things to go wrong | | D．they could soon get used to the customs there |
小题5:We can learn from the passage that the author________.| A．often gets angry in his life | | B．can adjust his state of mind accordingly | | C．always expects others to act in his way | | D．always suffers from his anger and irritation |
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