Centuries ago, man discovered that removing moisture from food helps to store
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Centuries ago, man discovered that removing moisture from food helps to store it, and that the easiest way to do this is to expose the food to sun and wind.
All foods including water — cabbage and other leaf vegetables contains as much as 93% water, potatoes and other root vegetables 80%, lean (瘦的) meat 75% and fish, anything from 80% to 60%, depending on how fatty it is. If this water is removed, the activity of the bacteria which cause food to go bad is controlled.
Nowadays most foods are dried mechanically. The conventional method of such dehydration (脱水) is to put food in chambers (室) through which hot air is blown at temperature of about ll0"C at entry to about 43"C at exit. This is the usual method for drying such things as vegetables, minced meat, and fish.
Liquids such as milk, coffee, tea, soups and eggs may be dried by pouring them over a heated steel cylinder (圆筒), then put them into a chamber through which a current of hot air passes. In the first process, the dried material comes off the roller (滚筒) as a thin film which is then broken up into small, though still relatively flakes (薄片). In the second process it falls to the bottom of the chamber as small powder. Where recognizable pieces of meat and vegetables are required, as in soup, the ingredients (成分) are dried separately and then mixed.
Dried foods take up less room and weigh less than the same food packed in cans or
frozen, and they do not need to be stored in special conditions. For these reasons they
are invaluable to the climbers, explorers and soldiers in battle, who have little storage
space. They are also popular with housewives because it takes so little time to cook
them.
小题1:It can be inferred from the passage that ________.| A．the rattier fish contain as much water as the lean one | | B．the rattier the fish is, the more water it may contain | | C．a fatty fish holds less water than a lean one | | D．the water content of fish has nothing to do with the content of their fat |
小题2: The underlined word "conventional" in Paragraph 3 can most probably be replaced by _________.| A．particular | B．scientific | C．usual | D．special |
小题3:Which of the following statements is NOT true about drying food?| A．The removal of water in food helps prevent it from going rotten. | | B．The open-air method of drying food has been known for hundreds of years. | | C．In the course of dehydration, the temperature of hot current coming from entry to exit is gradually going up. | | D．The process of drying liquids is much more complex than that of drying solid food. |
小题4:The last paragraph mainly talks about __________.| A．the reason why housewives like dried food | | B．the general convenience of dried food | | C．the methods of storing food | | D．the advantages of dried, canned and frozen food |
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答案
小题1:B
小题2:C
小题3:C
小题4:B |
解析
小题1:推理判断题。第二段讲到，鱼含有水分的多少取决于其肥瘦程度(depending on how fatty it is)，故可推断出越肥的鱼所含水分越多，故选B。
小题2:词义推澜题。作者在文章第三段介绍完conventional method后，说过这种方法为usual method，可推断出这里的conventional与usual同义，故选C。conventional：“常规的，通常的”。
小题3:细节理解题。从文章第三段第二句可知C不正确，温度不是不断升高，而是从110℃降到43℃．可从第一段判断A，B两项正确，D项可从第三段与第四段的内容相比较而得出，前者介绍的工序简单。后者复杂．
小题4:主旨大意题。最后一段主要讲dried food在包装、存储上的优点，也就是它的方便之处，这与B项中的convenience相对应。A项仅是此段讨论的一部分，C项说的是储存方法，和脱水食物易于存储是两码事。 |
举一反三
Gene technology to benefit people
Among all the fast growing science and technology, the research of human genes, or biological engineering as people call it, is drawing more and more attention now. Sometimes it is a hot topic discussed by people.
The greatest thing that gene technology can do is to cure serious diseases that doctors at present can almost do nothing with, such as cancer and heart disease. Every year, millions of people are murdered by these two killers. And to date, doctors have not found an effective way to cure them. But if the gene technology is applied, not only these two diseases can be cured completely, bringing happiness and more living days to the patients, but also the great amount of money people spend on curing their diseases can be saved, therefore it benefits the economy as well. In addition, human life span(寿命) can be prolonged.
Gene technology can help people to give birth to more healthy and clever children. Some families, with the English imperial family being a good example, have hereditary(遗传的) diseases. This means their children will for sure have the family disease, which is a great trouble for these families. In the past, doctors could do nothing about hereditary diseases. But gene technology can solve this problem perfectly. The scientist just need to find the wrong gene and correct it, and a healthy child will be born.
Some people are worrying that the gene research can be used to manufacture human beings in large quantities. In the past few years, scientists have succeeded in cloning a sheep, therefore these people predict that human babies would soon be cloned. But I believe cloned babies will not come out in large quantities, for most couples in the world can have babies in very normal way. Of course, the governments must take care to control gene technology.
小题1:What does "these two killers" in the second paragraph refer to? | A．gene technology and another treatment of the two diseases. | | B．The two murderers who killed the cloned baby | | C．The two diseases of cancer and heart disease | | D．Hereditary diseases and cancer |
小题2: What"s the main idea of the third paragraph?| A．How gene technology can be applied in the field of treating hereditary diseases. | | B．Gene technology can be used to clone human babies. | | C．Gene technology can help people to give birth of a baby. | | D．Gene technology can help the English imperial family out |
小题3:In what way gene technology can help to treat hereditary diseases?| A．Using gene technology, people with hereditary diseases can have more living days. | | B．Using gene technology, scientist finds the wrong gene and corrects it. | | C．Using gene technology, human babies can be cloned. | | D．Doctors can cure cancer and heart disease with the help of gene technology. |
小题4:What is the main purpose of writing this passage?| A．Expressing the writer"s idea that gene technology will benefit people | | B．Telling people the advantages of gene technology | | C．Telling the readers that gene technology will not benefit people | | D．Explaining that gene technology will also do harm to the humanity |
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In 1957 a doctor in Singapore noticed that hospitals were treating an unusual number of influenzalike cases. Influenza is sometimes called “flu”or a “bad cold”. He took samples from the throats of patients in his hospital and was able to find the virus（病毒）of this influenza.
There are three main types of influenza virus. The most important of these are types A and B, each of them having several sub-groups（亚群）. At the hospital the doctor recognized that the outbreak was because of a virus group A, but he did not know the sub-group. He reported the outbreak to the World Health Organization in Geneva. W. H. O. published the important news together with reports of the same kind of outbreak in Hong Kong, where about 15％～20％ of the population had become ill.
As soon as the London doctors received the package of throat samples, they began to test them. They found that they could reproduce themselves at a very high speed. Continuing their careful tests, the doctor checked the effect of medicine used against all the known sub-groups of type A virus. On this virus, none of them was of any use.
Having separated the virus, the two doctors now made tests on some selected seleceted animals. In a short time the usual signs of the disease appeared. These experiments showed that the new virus spread easily, but that it was not a killer. Scientists, like the general public, called it simply “Asian flu”.
小题1: The Asian flu mentioned in the passage ____. [ ]| A．had something to do with a virus group B | | B．was reported to W. H. O in Geneva by a doctor in Hong Kong | | C．broke out not only in Singapore but also in Hong Kong | | D．was taken from the throats of the patients in a hospital in Singapore |
小题2:London doctors considered ____. [ ]| A．Asian flu as a bad cold | | B．there were three main types of influenza | | C．it was necessary to test the other groups of virus besides group A | | D．the influenza called “Asian flu”a new one |
小题3:The Singapore doctor helped the world by ____. [ ]| A．making those with Asian flu well again | | B．killing the virus that caused Asian flu | | C．finding the sub-group of the virus | | D．reporting the outbreak of Geneva |
小题4: The Asian flu virus ____. [ ]| A．was a killer | | B．was very weak | | C．could reproduce very quickly | | D．died very fast |
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The British National Health Service (NHS) was set up in 1948 and was designed to provide equal basic health care, free of charge, for everybody in the country. Before this time health care had to be paid for by individuals.
Nowadays central government is directly responsible for the NHS although it is administered by local health authorities. About 83 percent of the cost of the health service is paid for by general taxation and the rest is met from the National Insurance contributions paid by those in work. There are charges for prescription and dental care but many people, such as children, pregnant women, pensioners, and those on Income Support, are exempt from payment.
Most people are registered with a local doctor (a GP, or General Practitioner) who is increasingly likely to be part of a health centre which serves the community.
As the population of Britain gets older, the hospital service now treats more patients than before, although patients spend less time in hospital. NHS hospitals—many of which were built in the nineteenth century—provide nearly half a million beds and have over 480, 000 medical staff. The NHS is the biggest employer in Europe although Britain actually spends less per person on health care than most of her European neighbours.
During the 1980s there was considerable restructuring of the Health Service with an increased emphasis on managerial efficiency and the privatization of some services (for example, cleaning). At the end of the 1980s the government introduced proposals for further reform of the NHS, including allowing some hospitals to be self-governing, and encouraging GPs to compete for patients. Patients would be able to choose and change their family doctor more easily and GPs would have more financial responsibility. The political questions continue of how much money should be provided to support the NHS and where it should come from.
小题1: We can know from the first paragraph that ______.| A．the original aim of the NHS was to provide equal basic health care for everybody | | B．people didn’t have to pay for health care since the NHS was set up | | C．patients were charged for receiving health care before 1948 | | D．the NHS was an organization which gave free advice to villagers |
小题2:What do we know about the NHS?| A．It’s managed by the central government. | | B．Its cost is mainly paid for by the National Insurance contributions. | | C．It hires more people than any other unit in Europe. | | D．Fewer patients go to its hospitals than before because they spend less on health care. |
小题3: All the following statements about GPs are true except that they ______.| A．take care of the local people’s health | | B．often take part in competitions to see who is the best | | C．work under high pressure nowadays | | D．have more responsibilities than before |
小题4:What does the underlined word “exempt” probably mean?| A．suffering | B．different | C．prevented | D．free |
小题5:The biggest problem for the NHS is ______.| A．many hospitals are too old to be used | | B．some services are in the charge of individuals | | C．more and more patients go to GPs for treatment | | D．there is not enough money for further reform |
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Anti-bird flu contingency (意外事故) measures, including a proposal to separate poultry from humans and a series of traffic and logistics (后勤) measures will be discussed at the Legislative Council"s Food Safety and Environmental Hygiene Panel meeting next month. Secretary for Health, Welfare and Food Dr York Chow says the contingency plan would come into force if an outbreak occurred near Hong Kong.
Speaking on a radio talk show this morning, Dr Chow said the separation of poultry from humans policy, which will be determined after a decision whether to set up a central slaughtering (屠宰) house or several regional ones, would be based on the demand for live chickens.
He pointed out that at present there were 30,000 live chickens imported from the Mainland and 30,000 supplied locally. If this demand persisted, there would be no central slaughtering house or wholesale point that could handle such an amount and regional slaughtering houses could be the choice.
He added that building of regional slaughtering houses took time, but stressed the need to study the views of the public and the sector before a final decision was made.
Regarding avian flu vaccination (种痘) for humans, Dr Chow said it was still being developed. He added that it may not be reliable in the case of an outbreak as records show vaccination can only offer 5% protection against a virus.
He said Hong Kong had more experience and expertise than neighbouring territories in the fight against viral outbreaks, and was willing to offer them help. He added there was no “boundary” for infectious diseases and close cooperation among different countries had to be maintained to fight against a possible outbreak.
小题1: It can be inferred from the first paragraph that ______.| A．the government is planning to take strong action to fight against bird flu | | B．an outbreak which happened near Hong Kong made people very frightened | | C．anti-bird flu contingency measures will come into use next month | | D．Dr York Chow will organize a meeting to discuss the contingency plan |
小题2:According to the passage, the best way to fight against bird flu is to ______.| A．separate poultry from humans | B．set up a central slaughtering house | | C．set up several regional slaughtering houses | D．get avian flu vaccination |
小题3:When the final decision will be made mainly depends on ______.| A．the demand for live chickens | B．the views of the public | | C．the advice from experts | | D．the time when regional slaughtering houses will be finished |
小题4:Which of the following statements isn’t Dr York Chow’s opinion?| A．Hong Kong is better at dealing with viral outbreaks than its neighbours. | | B．Infectious diseases could happen in any country. | | C．Other territories should ask Hong Kong for help because it has more experience. | | D．Cooperation is quite necessary when danger is coming. |
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How can you find out what is going on inside a person" s body without opening the patient up? Regular X-rays can show a lot. CAT scans can show even more. They can give three-dimensional(三维) view of body organs(器官).
What is a CAT scan? CAT stands for Computerized Axial Tomography(层面X线照相术). It is a special X-ray machine that gets a 360 - degree picture of a small area of a patient"s body.
Doctors use X-rays to study and examine diseases and injuries within the body. X-rays can find foreign objects inside the body or to take pictures of some organs inside if special things as dyes or special liquids are added to the organs to be X-rayed.
A CAT scanner, however, uses a beam(光束) of X-rays to give a cross-sectional view of a particular part of the body. A fine beam of X-rays is scanned across the body and circled around the patient from many different angles(角度). A computer analyzes(分析) the information from each angle and produces a clear cross-sectional picture on the screen. This picture is then photographed for later use. Several cross-sections, taken one after another, can give a clear "photo" of the entire body or of any body organs. The newest CAT scanners can even give a clear picture of active, moving organs just as a fast-action camera can "stop the action" giving clear pictures of what appear only mistily(模糊) to the eye. And because of the 360 - degree pictures, CAT scans show 3-dimensional views of organs in a manner that was once only seen during surgery or autopsy (examining a dead body).
小题1:According to the first two paragraphs, doctors can see the inside of a patient"s body by ______.| A．giving the patient an operation | | B．checking body organs | | C．getting a 360-degree picture of a small area of a patient"s body | | D．examining the CAT |
小题2:From the last paragraph, we can infer that ______.| A．the newest pictures become more misty | | B．many pictures can be taken at the same time | | C．the information about the scanned patient is not highly valued | | D．some pictures of the scanned parts of the body are developed for further examinations in the future |
小题3:The best title of this passage might be ______.| A．Modern X-ray | B．Three-dimensional View | | C．Fast - moving Camera | D．CAT Scan |
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