Country-dwellers(农村居民) often say the constant noise, heavy traffic and crowds of
题型：不详难度：来源：
Country-dwellers(农村居民) often say the constant noise, heavy traffic and crowds of the city would drive them mad. Well, they might be right, according to the latest research. City residents are more likely to develop mental illnesses than those who live in villages, a study has found.
Researchers from Cardiff university examined the lifestyles of more than 200,000 people in Sweden and found that those who lived in urban areas were more at risk from mental illnesses than people who lived in villages.
The experts don’t know exactly why this is but they suggest that town and city residents are more likely to be ostracized(排挤) by those around them. They are more likely to experience discrimination(歧视) if they do not fit in, which can lead to them feeling anxious and even developing mental illnesses.
Dr Stanley Zammit, who led the research said that people living in towns and cities are more likely to develop other mental illnesses that result in personality changes — a condition known as non-affective psychosis(非情感性精神病).
Earlier this year an official report found that village-dwellers live an average of two years longer than those living in towns and cities. According to figures from the Office of National Statistics in the UK, men who live in villages are likely to live for between 78 and 79 years, while those in towns and cities can expect to survive to an age of 76. Women on average survive to their 81st birthday in towns and cities, but live to between 82 and 83 in villages. The small marked town of Wimborne Minster in rural Dorset was named the healthiest place to live in.
小题1:What is the passage mainly about?| A．Country-dwellers are more likely to develop mental illnesses. | | B．City-dwellers are more likely to develop mental illnesses. | | C．Country-dwellers live longer than city-dwellers. | | D．City-dwellers live longer than country-dwellers. |
小题2:The research from Cardiff University was based on the people’s _________.| A．interests. | B．characters. | C．occupations. | D．lifestyles. |
小题3:It can be inferred that ___________.| A．people like living in towns and cities | | B．city-dwellers enjoy their peaceful city life | | C．village-dwellers are more likely to be looked down upon by others | | D．village-dwellers get along better with their neighbors than city-dwellers. |
小题4:Non-affective psychosis is a kind of mental illnesses that is linked to ________| A．character change | B．temperature rise | | C．pressure increase | D．energy weakening |
小题5:We can learn from the last paragraph that generally ________ .| A．women living in villages live the longest | | B．women living in cities live the longest | | C．men living in villages live the longest | | D．men living in cities live the longest. |
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答案
小题1:B
小题2:D
小题3:D
小题4:A
小题5:A |
解析
试题分析：这篇文章讲的是城市居民比农村居民更有可能得精神疾病。原因可能是拥挤的交通，可怕的噪音，也可能是人与人之间冷漠的关系导致的。
小题1:主旨题：从第一段的句子： City residents are more likely to develop mental illnesses than those who live in villages, a study has found.可知这篇文章讲的是城市居民比农村居民更有可能得精神疾病。选B。
小题2:细节题：从文章第二段的句子：Researchers from Cardiff university examined the lifestyles of more than 200,000 people in Sweden and found that those who lived in urban areas were more at risk from mental illnesses than people who lived in villages.可知Cardiff University 做的调查是以人们的生活方式为基础的，选D
小题3:推理题：从文章第三段的句子：The experts don’t know exactly why this is but they suggest that town and city residents are more likely to be ostracized(排挤) by those around them.可知农村居民比城市居民和邻居相处的更好，选D
小题4:细节题：从文章倒数第二段的句子：people living in towns and cities are more likely to develop other mental illnesses that result in personality changes — a condition known as non-affective psychosi可知非情感性精神病是和性格改变有关的精神病，选A
小题5:细节题：从最后一段的句子：Women on average survive to their 81st birthday in towns and cities, but live to between 82 and 83 in villages.可知住在农村的女性活的更长，选A |
举一反三
The Healthy Habits Survey shows that only about one third of American seniors(年长者) have correct habits. Here are some findings and expert advice.
1.How many times did you brush your teeth yesterday?
·Finding：About 33% of seniors brush their teeth only once a day.
·Step：Remove the 300 kinds of bacteria in your mouth each morning with a battery-operated toothbrush. Brush gently for 2 minutes, at least twice a day.
2.How many times did you wash your hands or bathe yesterday?
·Finding：Seniors, on average, bathe fewer than 3 days a week. And nearly 30% wash their hands only 4 times a day—half of the number that doctors advise.
·Step：We touch our faces around 3,000 times a day-often inviting germs（病菌）to enter our mouth, nose, and eyes. Use toilet paper to avoid touching the door handle. And, most important, wash your hands often with hot running water and soap for 20 seconds.
3. How often do you think about fighting germs?
·Finding：Seniors are not fighting germs as well as they should.
·Step：Be aware of germs. Do you know it is not your toilet but your kitchen sponge（海绵）that can carry more germs than anything else? To kill these germs, keep your sponge in the microwave for 10 seconds.
小题1:What is found out about American seniors?| A．Most of them have good habits. | | B．Nearly 30% of them bathe three days a week . | | C．All of them are fighting germs better than expected . | | D．About one third of them brush their teeth only once a day |
小题2:Doctors suggest that people should wash their hands _________.| A．twice a day | B．three times a day | | C．four times a day | D．eight times a day |
小题3:Which of the following is true according to the text?| A．We should stop touching our faces. | | B．A kitchen sponge can carry more germs than a toilet. | | C．There are less than 300 kinds of bacteria in the mouth. | | D．We should wash our hands before touching a door handle. |
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Are you stressed out, scared or worried all the time? Do you avoid going to certain places, seeing friends or doing certain things because of your worries? Do your worries keep you awake at night? If you’ve answered yes, you may be suffering from anxiety.
Anxiety is a normal and necessary part of life. Anxiety is your brain’s way of telling you about danger. It is anxiety which helps you jump out of the way if a car is speeding towards you. But if it gets out of hand, anxiety can get in the way of your getting on with life and can become a real problem. If this is the case for you, treatment may be a helpful way for you to get your anxiety under control.
Anxiety is a normal part of life. Some people may feel uneasy if moving to a new place and some may get overly anxious in certain situations. There are lots of reasons for this. One main reason is after a stressful thing which has happened in your life. So, if you are involved in a car crash, it’s quite likely that you will be more worried than other people around cars and driving.
Being anxious also probably runs in families. If your parents suffer from anxiety then you are more likely to be anxious too. This is probably partly due to genetics, and partly because of how things are when you’re growing up.
Even though people don’t talk about it much, anxiety is one of the most common mental health problems. About 1 in 4 people will have an anxiety problem at some time in their life.
If you have an anxiety problem it’s hard for other people to understand why something that doesn’t worry them, like being in a crowd of people, can be so scary for you. This can make you feel separated and lonely, as may become worse and worse.
The good news is there are lots of excellent treatments available for anxiety. These include taking therapies (疗法) and drugs.
小题1:Which of the following statements is true about anxiety?| A．With anxiety you are far away from traffic accidents. | | B．It’s abnormal for people to get too anxious after a stressful thing. | | C．Almost everybody has a certain degree of anxiety in certain situations. | | D．When you feel stressed out, scared or worried, you are surely suffering from anxiety. |
小题2: Which of the following reasons for anxiety is NOT mentioned in the passage?| A．Illness. | B．Experience. | C．Genetics. | D．Environment. |
小题3: What can we infer from the fifth and sixth paragraph in the passage?| A．Anxiety is the most common mental health problem. | | B．Those suffering from anxiety need others’ understanding badly. | | C．About a quarter of the population are suffering from anxiety now. | | D．Once you suffer from anxiety, you’d better seek for medical treatment. |
小题4:The author will most probably talk about ________ following this passage.| A．what is about anxiety | B．what causes anxiety | | C．how to handle anxiety | D．when anxiety becomes serious |
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Bad teeth can be painful and even be deadly. Infections of the gums(牙龈) and teeth can release bacteria into the blood system. Those bacteria can increase the chance of a heart attack or stroke and worsen the effects of other diseases. And adults are not the only ones at risk. For example, a 12yearold boy died when a tooth infection spread to his brain in 2007 in Washington. Experts said it might have been prevented had he received the dental care he needed.
Experts say good dental care starts at birth. Breast milk, they say, is the best food for the healthy development of teeth. Breast milk can help slow bacterial growth and acid production in the mouth. But dentists say a baby"s gums and early teeth should be cleaned after each feeding by using a cloth with a little warm water. Experts say if you decide to put your baby to sleep with a bottle, give only water.
When baby teeth begin to appear, you can clean them with a wet toothbrush. Dentists say it is important to find soft toothbrushes made especially for babies and to use them very gently. The use of fluoride(氟化物) to protect teeth is common in many parts of the world. For example, it is often added to drinking water supplies. The fluoride mixes with enamel(釉质), the hard surface on teeth, to help prevent holes from forming.
But young children often swallow toothpaste when they brush their teeth. The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry notes that swallowing fluoridated toothpaste can cause problems. So young children should be carefully watched when they brush their teeth. And only a small amount of fluoridated toothpaste, the size of a pea, should be used.
Parents often wonder what effect finger sucking might have on their baby"s teeth. Dental experts generally agree that this is fine early in life. Most children stop sucking their fingers by the age of four. If it continues, experts advise parents to talk to their children"s dentists or doctors. Because it could interfere_with the correct development of permanent teeth.
Dentists say children should have their first dental visit at least by the time they are one year old. They say babies should be examined when their first teeth appear—usually at around six months.
小题1:According to the passage，what is the function of fluoride?| A．Making the surface on teeth much cleaner. | | B．Protecting gums from being infected. | | C．Keeping holes on teeth from forming. | | D．Slowing down bacterial growth and acid production. |
小题2:The underlined phrase “interfere with” in Para.5 probably means “________”．| A．do harm to | B．account for | | C．contribute to | D．stand for |
小题3:What is the purpose of the author in writing the passage?| A．To warn us of the deadly infections of gums and teeth. | | B．To introduce the advantages of fluoridated toothpaste. | | C．To draw our attention to the dental care of young children. | | D．To present the research results about dental care. |
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A new study links heavy air pollution from coal burning to shorter lives in northern China. Researchers estimate that the half-billion people alive there in the 1990s will live an average of 5 years less than their southern counterparts because they breathed dirtier air.
China itself made the comparison possible: for decades, a now-discontinued government policy provided free coal for heating, but only in the colder north. Researchers found significant differences in both particulate pollution of the air and life expectancy in the two regions.
While previous studies have found that pollution affects human health, "the deeper and ultimately more important question is the impact on life expectancy," said one of the researchers, Michael Greenstone, a professor of environmental economics at Massachusetts Institute of 一Technology. "This study provides a unique setting to answer the life expectancy question because the(heating) policy dramatically changes pollution concentrations（含量），，，Greenstone said in an email. "Further, due to the low rates of migration in China in this period, we can know people"s exposure over long time periods," he said.
The policy gave free coal for fuel boilers to heat homes and offices to cities north of the Huai Riv饥which divides China into north and south. It was in effect for much of the 1950-198,0 period of central planning, and, though discontinued after 1980, it has left a legacy（遗留） in the north of heavy coal burning, which releases particulate pollutants into the air that can harm human health. Researchers found no other government policies that treated China"s north differently from the south.
The researchers collected data for 90 cities, from 1981 to 2000, on the annual daily average concentration of total suspended（悬浮的）particulates. In China, those are considered to be particulates that are 100 micrometers or less in diameter, sent out from sources including power stations, construction sites and vehicles. Among them, PM2.5 is of especially great health concern because it can go deep into the lungs.
The researchers estimated the impact on life expectancies using death data from 1991-2000． They found that in the north, the concentration of particulates was 184 micrograms per cubic meter一or 55 percent higher than in the south, and life expectancies were 5.5 years lower on average across all age ranges.
小题1:The main idea of this passage is that＿·| A．research in China finds air pollution shortened life expectancy | | B．the government provided free coal for heating in North China | | C．coal burning causes bad air quality across China | | D．a new study finds different particulates in South China |
小题2:According to Greenstone,＿greatly contributed to the high pollution concentrations in North China.| A．power stations | B．construction sites | | C．the free heating policy | D．gases from vehicles |
小题3:It is implied in the passage that＿·| A．coal is no longer used for heating in North China | | B．air quality was comparatively better in South China | | C．southerners burned coals for heating in the 1980s | | D．people preferred to live in South China after 1980 |
小题4:The underlined word "particulates" most probably means＿．| A．dirty clouds | B．particular smoke | | C．harmful dust | D．dangerous bacteria |
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Eco City Farms(生态城市农场) are becoming more popular in cities and towns around the Unites States.
Eco City Farms in Edmonton, Maryland, is located near shopping centers, car repair shops and homes. The neighborhood is a working-class community(社区). People do not have very much money. And they have limited access to fresh food in markets.
Over the past two years, the farm has attracted volunteers from the community like Marcy Clark. She schools her four children at home. On a recent day she brought them to Eco City Farms for a lesson. Her son Alston Clark thinks his experience is very valuable.“I like coming out here,”he says,“You know, you connect with the earth, where your food comes from. You appreciate the food a little bit more.”
Margaret Morgan started Eco City Farms. She thinks of it as a place where people can learn to live healthier lives. “Growing food in a community brings people together,”she continues,“Every piece of what we do here is a demonstration(示范) to show people everything about how to have an eco-friendly community.”she says. From the Eco City Farms people come to know that they are not only growing food and raising chickens and bees, but improving the soil with compost(肥料)made from food waste.
Eco City Farms is an experimental operation. The farm gets its power not from the local electricity networks, but from the sun with solar panels. In winter, the green house use a geothermal(地热)system.
Vegetables can be grown all year. So once a week, all winter long, neighbors like Chris Moss and her three children bike to the farm to pick up a share of the harvest.
“I like eating the vegetables ”say five-year-old Owen Moss.
小题1:What is mainly talked about in the passage?| A．Eco City Farms save a lot of energy. | | B．Eco City Farms are gaining popularity. | | C．Eco City Farms are influencing community life. | | D．Eco City Farms helps the working-class live better. |
小题2:According to the passage, Eco City Farms are close to the following places EXCEPT______.| A．shopping centers | B．car repair shops | | C．fast-food restaurants | D．working-class community |
小题3:What is the author’s attitude toward Eco City Farms?| A．Enthusiastic(热心的). | B．Disappointed. | | C．Surprised. | D．Doubtful. |
小题4:In which column(专栏) of a newspaper can you most probably read this article?| A．People. | B．Travel. | C．Environment. | D．Education. |
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