Putting in water fountains(饮水器) at schools, and teaching children about the heal
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Putting in water fountains(饮水器) at schools, and teaching children about the health benefits of water, could reduce their risk of getting extra pounds, reports a new study that is published in the latest issue of the journal pediatrics.
The findings are based on a survey in 32 elementary schools of two German cities, Dortmund and Essen. The researchers, led by Rebecca Muckelbauer, a nutrionist at the Research Institute of Child Nutrition Dortmund, weighed about 3,000 children, and asked them about their beverage(饮料) consumption.
At the beginning of the school year, the experts had water fountains added to 17 of the schools. The scientists also worked with teachers to carry out educational programs that promote the benefits of drinking water. In contrast to schools in the United States, there are very few schools in Germany that have water fountains.
At the beginning of the study, there were no big differences in the number of overweight children in different groups. But by the end of the school year, children in the schools with water fountains were 31 percent less likely to gain extra pounds, compared to kids who went to other schools, where water drinking was not encouraged.
Children in the schools with fountains, increased their water consumption from about 3 up to 4 glasses a day, while those in the other schools continued to drink an average of 3 glasses. Over the research, the number of overweight kids upped from 384 to 385 out of 1,641 at the schools with water fountains. In comparison, the number of overweight kids at the other schools increased from 339 to 364 out of 1,309, Dr. Muckelbauer said.
The experts cannot make any final conclusions and explain why the students who were encouraged to drink water were less likely to gain extra weight. Dr. Muckelbauer noted that according to a few other studies, drinking of water increases the rate at which calories are burned, while some other research suggested that water may temporarily decrease appetite.
小题1:According to the text, the journal Pediatrics__________.| A．may cover the subject of the health of children | | B．mainly deals with the water drinking problem | | C．is mainly about the mental health of kids | | D．must be a journal entitled(授权) by a school |
小题2:What do we know about the survey from the text?| A．The teacher were also encouraged to drink water. | | B．The students surveyed were all overweight. | | C．It surveyed children in the countryside. | | D．It lasted for a whole school year. |
小题3:The fifth paragraph is mainly about __________.| A．the technique used in the survey | B．the benefits of the survey | | C．the process of the survey | D．the result of the survey |
小题4:What can be learned from the last paragraph?| A．Drinking water definitely decreases appetite. | | B．Further research is needed to confirm the finding. | | C．The experts will encourage all the students to drink water. | | D．Why students drinking more get less pounds will be clear soon. |
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答案
小题1:A
小题2:D
小题3:D
小题4:B |
解析
试题分析：文章介绍了由Dortmund and Essen两人主持的一项调查研究，要教给学生水的健康元素，这样可以减少学生增胖的可能，这项调查是在两个德国城市的32个学校展开的，在研究初期不同的小组增肥学生的总数没有太大不同，但是在学年结束的时候，大约有百分之三十一的学生都似乎没有变胖，用饮水机的学生的饮水量有所增加，而其它学生基本保持不变，而用饮水机的学生变胖的总数没有其它学校的学生变胖的总数多，专家也不能做出最后的结论，也无法解释为什么学生在鼓励喝水的同时并没有发胖。
小题1:A综合理解题。由Dortmund and Essen两人主持的一项调查研究，要教给学生水的健康元素，这样可以减少学生增胖的可能，这项调查是在两个德国城市的32个学校展开的，在研究初期不同的小组增肥学生的总数没有太大不同，但是在学年结束的时候，大约有百分之三十一的学生都似乎没有变胖，用饮水机的学生的饮水量有所增加，而其它学生基本保持不变，而用饮水机的学生变胖的总数没有其它学校的学生变胖的总数多，专家也不能做出最后的结论，也无法解释为什么学生在鼓励喝水的同时并没有发胖。这篇文章出自于the journal Pediatrics这本刊物，所以由此可知这本杂志是有关儿童健康问题的，故答案应为D。
小题2:D细节判断题。At the beginning of the study, there were no big differences in the number of overweight children in different groups. But by the end of the school year, children in the schools with water fountains were 31 percent less likely to gain extra pounds, 句意为：在研究开始的时候，在不同的分组里面发胖的学生总数没有什么不同，但到了学年结束的时候----由此可知这项研究持续了一年的时间。故答案应为D。
小题3:D细节理解题。Children in the schools with fountains, increased their water consumption from about 3 up to 4 glasses a day, while those in the other schools continued to drink an average of 3 glasses. Over the research, the number of overweight kids upped from 384 to 385 out of 1,641 at the schools with water fountains. In comparison, the number of overweight kids at the other schools increased from 339 to 364 out of 1,309, Dr. Muckelbauer said.句意为：用饮水机的学生增加了他们水的消耗量从大约三杯到了一天四杯，而其它学校的学生他们的饮水量仍然是平均三杯，但前者在1641个学生里面增学生总数从384到了385个，而后者没有安装饮水机的学校学生在1309名学生中，增胖的总数从339个上升到了364个。所以本自然段讲的是研究的结果，故答案应为D。
小题4:B综合理解题。The experts cannot make any final conclusions and explain why the students who were encouraged to drink water were less likely to gain extra weight. Dr. Muckelbauer noted that according to a few other studies, drinking of water increases the rate at which calories are burned, while some other research suggested that water may temporarily decrease appetite.句意为：专家还不能做出最后的结论，也不能解释多喝水的学生为什么似乎没有增肥，所以还需要继续研究以证实他的发现。故答案应为B。
【考点】考查健康保健类文章的阅读理解。 |
举一反三
New research suggests that cutting daily sitting time to less than three hours might extend your life by two years.
“Humans were designed to move. But modern lifestyles and office jobs rarely encourage us to walk around,” says Peter Katzmarzyk, an expert at the University of Louisiana.
“Sitting is common in our lives today. We sit while we’re driving, eating and watching TV. And many of us sit for many hours at work.” Katzmarzyk said.
“We can’t throw away physical activity. It’s extremely important. We have 60 years of researchers showing us that.” Katzmarzyk said.
Katzmarzyk and other researchers are trying to discover how sitting all day affext our lifespans（寿命）.
“This is a relatively new area of study…Studies that have assessed the relationship between sitting and death or television viewing and death have been very rare in the last four or five years,” said Katzmarzyk.
Katzmarzyk and his colleagues analyzed data from these studies, which involved almost 167,000 adults. Then they turned to a government-run survey of Americans to find out exactly how much time people spend sitting and watching.
Not only did the team find that U.S. citizens could live longer by sitting less, they found that cutting TV time to less than two hours a day could add an extra 1.4 years to their lives.
People who’ve spent half their waking lives sitting down might well ask, “Is it ever too late to make a change?”
“We would say ‘No. It’s never too late.’ Physical activity is good for you at every age.” Katzmarzyk said.
Katzmarzyk says studying this problem has inspired his team to make a few changes in their own lives. They recommend a few simple changes: frequently getting up from your desk, taking walks at lunch time, and instead of e-mailing colleagues, walking over to their offices and talking face-to-face——all activities that can be enjoyable as well as life-extending.
小题1:Peter Katzmarzyk seems to believe that _____.| A．we should not sit for a long time | | B．most people like to sit most of the time | | C．office jobs encourage us to walk a lot | | D．modern lifestyles are good for our health |
小题2:The underlined word “that” in paragraph 4 probably refers to _____.| A．taking physical exercise is important | | B．many researches should be carried out | | C．we should exercise during working hours | | D．people should focus on their health at work |
小题3:Why did Katzmarzyk and his colleagues turn to a government-run survey?| A．To collect information for the government | | B．To know how long people sit and watch TV | | C．To find what citizens do in their spare time’ | | D．To discover how sitting for long affects their lives |
小题4:The best title of the text would be _____.| A．What Is the Healthiest Lifestyle？ | | B．Sitting for a Long Time Is Bad for Us | | C．Study Suggests Sitting Less Can Extend Life | | D．It Is Never Too Late to Change Our Way of Life |
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Those who spend more pre-bedtime hours using the Internet or watching television are more likely to report insufficient sleep, even though they sleep almost as long as people spending fewer pre-bedtime hours in front of a computer or television screen, survey findings show.
“While many people use electronic media, say, the Internet, it should be noted that the longer media use before sleep can trigger (self-perceived) insufficient sleep,” lead researcher Dr Nakamori Suganuma, of Osaka University, Japan, told the reporter.
He and colleagues obtained data on self-perceived sleep problems and the use of electronic media prior to bedtime from 5,875 altogether Japanese respondents in two separate Internet-based surveys. Their findings are published in Sleep and Biological Rhythms.
Nearly half of the respondents associated their problem with electronic media use before bedtime. Longer electronic media users were also more likely to report insufficient sleep.
“Overall, 29% of light users (less than 1.5 hours) listed electronic media use as a possible cause of their insufficient sleep. By comparison, 40% of medium users (1.5 to 3 hours) and 54% of heavy users (more than 3 hours) said the same.
However, longer Internet and television use before bedtime did not correlate with less actual sleep.
While heavy users averaged about 3 more hours in front of computer or television screens than light users, the heavy users averaged only about 12 minutes less pre-workday sleep time than light users.
Notably, Suganuma said, "Internet use affected self-perceived insufficient sleep more than TV watching not only in younger Internet users but also in middle-aged or aged Internet users."
Up to 38% of the respondents listed accessing the Internet far into the night as a possible cause for their sleep disturbance, while about 25% said watching television far into the night caused it.
The findings suggest that while heavy computer and television use before bedtime has a small effect on sleep duration, it may have a more significant effect on "sleep demand and sleep quality," Suganuma notes.
小题1: Heavy computer and television user before bed time are more likely to be______ than light ones.| A．energetic | B．happy | C．sleepy | D．clever |
小题2:Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?| A．Heavy computer and television user before bed time have less sleeping time than light ones. | | B．Heavy computer and television user before bed time have worse sleep than light ones. | | C．Those suffering insufficient sleep spend less time in using internet than in watching TV. | | D．Spend less time in watching TV or surfing the internet, and you will have a better sleep. |
小题3:The passage seems to suggest that people ______.| A．be far away from media. | | B．watch TV rather than use internet | | C．cut down late-night Internet and TV | | D．Stop late-night internet and TV |
小题4:Which of the following phrases is similar in meaning to the underlined phrase in the sixth paragraph?| A．have any connection with | B．make a friend with | | C．share the opinion with | D．in accordance with |
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While there has been public debate about whether running is good for your health for a long time, experts agree that running has more benefits than the costs. Some people are concerned that the pressure on your knees and ankles can be detrimental. While this can be true, there are many things that you can do to reduce your risk of injury.
You should always go to a doctor for advice before you begin any type of exercise program. Then, a good pair of running shoes can be helpful as your feet hit the ground. They will help protect your ankles by providing stability to your feet. So it is good idea to visit a specialty(专业) running shoe store. The staff there can suggest shoes which are ideal for your running style.
In order to learn the proper form, you may get some advice from a friend who has been running for some time, or even join a running club. They can provide good tips as well as some support and encouragement for you.
Lastly, it is important to start out slowly. When it comes to getting in shape and losing weight , short bursts of speed followed by periods of slower movement would be proper. Aim for around 30 minutes of exercise a few days a week. As you get better, you can increase your speed. Always allow your body to rest in between heavy exercise as your muscles need time to bring energy back.
Follow these instructions and your running experience will be a great one!
小题1:In the expert’s opinion,______________________.| A．running is good for your health as well as your mind. | | B．you should buy running shoes in an expensive store. | | C．running has more advantages than disadvantages for you. | | D．you should go to the doctor if you have a running injury |
小题2:The underlines word “ detrimental” in Paragraph 1 probably means___| A．harmful | B．useful | C．expensive | D．rare |
小题3:If you take up running, you should___________________| A．worry about the pressure on your knees and ankles | | B．ask the shopkeeper for a pair of running shoes | | C．take advice from friends whom you will start running with | | D．join a running club so that you can get encouragement |
小题4:What can we infer from the passage?| A．More and more people have become interested in running. | | B．Good running methods can reduce the risk of injury. | | C．It’s better to run as far as possible to lose weight. | | D．The instructions in the passage are given by a famous doctor. |
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People who averaged fewer than seven hours of sleep per night in the weeks before being exposed to the cold virus were nearly three times as likely to get sick as those who averaged eight hours or more, a new study found.
Researchers used frequent telephone interviews to track the sleep habits of more than 150 men and women aged 21 to 55 over the last few weeks. Then they exposed the subjects to the virus, quarantined (检疫隔离) them for five days and kept track of who got sick.
Besides sleeping more, sleeping better also seemed to help the body fight illness: Patients who fared better on a measure known as “sleep efficiency”—the percentage of time in bed that you’re actually sleeping—were also less likely to get sick.
The results held true even after researchers adjusted for elements such as body-mass index, age, sex, smoking and pre-existing antibodies (抗体) to the virus.
The researchers aren’t exactly sure why sleeping better makes you less likely to develop a cold. But they do try to give an answer: “Sleep disturbance influences the regulation of symptom mediators (调节因子) that are released in response to infection.” In plain English, maybe tossing and turning when you’re infected with the cold virus contributes to the symptoms that define a cold.
The researchers were based at Carnegie Mellon, the University of Pittsburgh and the University of Virginia, and the study was funded by the National Institutes of Health.
小题1: According to the passage, what does the underlined word “subjects” mean in paragraph 2?| A．areas of knowledge in a school | | B．people being studied in an experiment | | C．research topics | | D．animals being tested |
小题2:It is shown in the passage that _______.| A．the researchers obtain information about the sleep habits by frequent interviews | | B．the researchers do their research in the National Institutes of Health | | C．people hope to avoid being infected with a cold by sleeping as much as possible | | D．sleeping more and better helps regulate the symptom mediators |
小题3:What’s the best title of the passage?| A．The Relationship Between Virus and Cold | | B．How to Sleep Well | | C．Good Sleep Helps Fight a Cold | | D．The More the Sleep, the Better Your Body |
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Work your brain!
Between 2 and 3 pounds of wonder, it controls everything we say, do or think, who we are and what we care about. The way we walk or laugh or figure out things. What we like and the talents we possess. How we see and talk and run and jump and process our food.
The brain uses 20 percent of our body’s oxygen and 20 percent of its blood. Somewhere within its protein, fat, 100,000 miles of blood vessels and 100 billion nerve cells, it helps us remember where we put our gym shoes. Change our temperature so we don’t die because of the heat or cold. Speed us up or slow us down. Help us choose between orange juice or orangeflavored drinks.
Its complexity are stunning, far beyond anything most of us can imagine. To keep this work of art as polished as possible we need to eat right, exercise and keep mentally stimulated. Good nutrition helps brain cells communicate with each other. Exercise stimulates a hormone in our brain that improves memory. Mental stimulation keeps you sharp even as you age.
“It’s very important that we tell people to be physically active and mentally active,” said neurologist Malcolm Stewart.“People cannot stop aging, but you’re able to reduce the damage; you’re able to keep the function up.”
Following are Dr. Stewart’s advice for improving brain health：
Nutrition
| Avoid fast food. Follow the old adage(格言): For breakfast, eat like a king; for lunch, like a queen; for supper, like a beggar.
| Exercise
| Do a combination of stretching aerobic and muscle strengthening every day.
| Mental games
| Try to have a sense of hope about the future. Do puzzles. Listen to music. Reach out to others to make their lives better.
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小题1:The purpose of the author in writing this passage is to ______.| A．inform us how the brain works | | B．give us advice on how to keep the brain healthy | | C．tell us that the brain plays an important role in our lives | | D．show how special the brain is to us |
小题2:The underlined word “stunning” means ______.| A．interesting | B．strange | C．significant | D．amazing |
小题3:According to the text，more exercise ______.| A．keeps our mind sharp | | B．helps improve our memory | | C．gives our brain a rest | | D．is good for brain cells communicating with each other |
小题4:In order to keep brain healthy，we should avoid ______.| A．eating a good lunch | B．doing puzzles | | C．eating a large supper | D．taking aerobic exercise |
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