We all know that everyone becomes a little more forgetful as they get older, but
题型：不详难度：来源：
We all know that everyone becomes a little more forgetful as they get older, but men’s minds decline more than women’s, according to the results of a worldwide survey.
General differences seem to be natural in male and female brains: Men are better at maintaining and dealing with mental images (useful in mathematical reasoning and spatial skills), while women tend to excel be good at recalling information from their brain’s files. Many studies have looked for a connection between sex and the amount of mental decline people experience as they age, but the results have been mixed.
Some studies found more age-related decline in men than in women, while others saw the opposite or even no relationship at all between sex and mental decline.
Those results could be improper because the studies involved older people, and women live longer than men: The men tested are the survivors, “so they’re the ones that may not have shown such cognitive(认知的) decline,” said study team leader Elizabeth of the University of Warwick in England.
Scientists surveyed completed four tasks that tested sex-related cognitive skills: matching an object to its rotated form, matching lines shown from the same angle, typing as many words in a particular category as possible in the given time, e.g. “object usually colored gray”, and recalling the location of objects in a line drawing. The first two were tasks at which men are usually good; the latter are typically dominated by women. Within each age group studied, men and women performed better in their separate categories on average. And though performance declined with age for both genders, women showed obviously less decline than men overall.
小题1:According to the passage, which of the following can NOT be typed into the same category?| A．cloud | B．sheep | C．trees | D．goose |
小题2:Which of the following statements is true according the article? _______| A．Men do better than women when it comes to learning English. | | B．Women stand out at remembering people’s names. | | C．Women do well in dealing mathematic problems. | | D．Men excel at typing as many words as possible in the given time. |
小题3:One important factor that affects the correctness of the results is that ________.| A．women live longer than men | | B．people surveyed are all old | | C．the old men tested may not have shown such cognitive decline | | D．people taking part in this test came from all over the world |
小题4:The author aims to tell us that _________.| A．women’s minds perform better than men’s | | B．men’s minds decline more with age | | C．everyone becomes a little more forgetful as they get older | | D．a survey on human’s mind decline was done recently |
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答案
小题1:C
小题2:B
小题3:C
小题4:B |
解析
试题分析:本文是一篇说明文，说明了随着年龄的增长，我们越来越健忘，根据调查，男性比女性健忘要快；女性寿命比男性长，男性的记忆随着年龄增长，下降更快
小题1:推理题，根据本文的主要意思“随着年龄的增长，我们越来越健忘，根据调查，男性比女性健忘要快；女性寿命比男性长”可以推出答案，故选C。
小题2:细节题，由第二段第三行while women tend to excel be good at recalling information from their brain’s files.可以知道答案，所以选B。
小题3:细节题，由第四段第二行The men tested are the survivors, “so they’re the ones that may not have shown such cognitive(认知的) decline,可以知道答案，所以选C
小题4:推理题，根据本文的主要意思“随着年龄的增长，我们越来越健忘，根据调查，男性比女性健忘要快；女性寿命比男性长”可以推出答案，所以选B
点评：做细节题的关键是找出原文的根据，认真核查题支和原文的异同，常犯错误有：绝对化语言，范围扩大或缩小，以偏概全，张冠李戴等。推断题测试考生在阅读基础上的逻辑推理能力，要求考生根据文章所述事件的逻辑关系，对未说明的趋势或结局作出合理的推断；或根据作者所阐述的观点理论，对文章未涉及的现象、事例给以解释。考生首先要仔细阅读短文，完整了解信息，准确把握作者观点。 |
举一反三
Lots of people are unhappy with their present weight, but most aren"t sure how to change it. You may want to look like the models or actors in magazines and on TV, but those goals might not be healthy or realistic (现实的) for you. Being healthy is really about being at a weight that is right for you. The best way to find out if you are at a healthy weight or if you need to lose or gain weight is to talk to a doctor or dietitian（营养学家）. If it turns out that you can benefit from weight loss, then you can follow a few of the simple suggestions listed below to get started.
_______________________. Ask your mom or dad to lend help and support and to make lifestyle changes that will benefit the whole family, if possible. Those who have the support of their families tend to have better results with their weight-management programs.
Watch your drinks. It’s amazing how many extra calories can be in the sodas, juices and other drinks that you take in every day. Simply cutting out a can of soda or one sports drink can save you 150 calories or more each day. Slake yourself with water or other sugar-free drinks when you’re thirsty and stay away from sugary juices and sodas.
Stop eating when you’re full. Lots of people eat when they’re full. Try to pay attention as you eat and stop when you are full.
Avoid diet pills. They can be dangerous to your health; besides, there’s no evidence that they help keep weight off over the long term.
Get moving. You don’t have to play a team sport or go to the gym. Try different kinds of activities from hiking to cycling, or to dancing until you find what you like.
小题1:According to the passage, before you decide to lose or gain weight you must know _________.| A．how you will do it | | B．how long it should last | | C．whether you have a healthy weight | | D．what your realistic goal is |
小题2:Which of the following would be the best to be put in the blank in the second paragraph?| A．Find a partner. | | B．Make weight loss a family behavior. | | C．Don’t give up easily. | | D．Small changes make a difference. |
小题3:The underlined part ‘Slake yourself’ in the third paragraph means “__________”| A．Stop yourself feeling thirsty. | | B．Make yourself feel less tired. | | C．Make yourself feel comfortable. | | D．Stop yourself feeling less hungry. |
小题4:We can learn from the passage that __________.
A. exercising is harmful to one’s health
B. diet pills may not help one lose weight in the long term
C. having eating trouble is the No.1 cause of being overweight
D. all models or actors in magazines and on TV have weight problems |
It doesn’t matter when and how much a person sleeps , but everyone needs some rest to stay alive. That’s what all doctors thought , until they heard about Herpin. Herpin, it was said , never slept. Could this be true? The doctors decided to see this strange man themselves.
Herpin was 90 years old when the doctors came to his home in New Jersey. They thought for sure that he got some sleep of some kind. So they stayed with him and watched every movement he made. But they were surprised. Though they watched him hour after hour and day after day, they never saw him sleeping. In fact, he did not even own a bed. He never needed one.
The only rest that Herpin sometimes got was sitting in a comfortable chair and reading newspapers. The doctors were puzzled by this strange continuous sleeplessness. They asked him many questions, hoping to find an answer. They found only one answer that might explain his condition. Herpin remembered some talk about his mother having been injured several days before he was born. But that was all. Was this the real reason? No one could be sure. Herpin died at the age of 94.
小题1:The main idea of this passage is that_____| A．large numbers of people do not need sleep | | B．a person was found who actually didn’t need any sleep | | C．everyone needs some sleep to stay alive | | D．people can live longer by trying not to sleep |
小题2:The doctors came to visit Herpin, expecting_____| A．to cure him of his sleeplessness | | B．to find that his sleeplessness was not really true | | C．to find out why some old people did not need any sleep | | D．to find a way to free people from the need of sleeping |
小题3:After watching him closely, the doctors came to believe that Herpin_____| A．needed some kind of sleep | | B．was too old to need any sleep | | C．needed no sleep at all | | D．often sleep in a chair |
小题4:One reason that might explain Herpin’s sleeplessness was _____| A．his mother’s injury before he was born | | B．that he had gradually got rid of the sleeping habit | | C．his magnificent physical condition | | D．that he hadn’t got a bed |
小题5:Herpin’s condition could be regarded as ______| A．a common one | B．one that could be cured | C．very healthy | D．a rare one |
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If you do not use your arms or your legs for some time, they become weak; when you start using them again, they slowly become strong again. Everybody knows that. Yet many people do not seem to know that memory works in the same way.
When someone says that he has a good memory, he really means that he keeps his memory in practice by using it. When someone else says that his memory is poor, he really means that he does not give it enough chance to become strong.
If a friend says that his arms and legs are weak, we know that it is his fault. But if he tells us that he has a poor memory, many of us think that his parents are to blame, and few of us know that it is just his own fault.
Have you ever found that some people can"t read or write but they have better memories? This is because they cannot read or write and they have to remember things; they cannot write them down in a little notebook. They have to remember days, names, songs and stories; so their memory is the whole time being exercised.
So if you want to have a good memory, learn from the people: practise remembering.
小题1:If you do not use your arms or legs for some time, ______.| A．you can"t use them any more | | B．they will become stronger | | C．they become weak but they slowly become strong again | | D．they become weak and won"t become strong until you use them again |
小题2:Some people can"t read or write, but they usually have better memories, because ______.| A．they can"t write everything in a little notebook | | B．they have to use their memories all the time | | C．they have saved much trouble | | D．they have saved much time to remember things |
小题3:The main reason for one"s poor memory is that ______ | A．he does not use his arms or legs for some time | B．he can"t read or write | | C．his father or mother may have a poor memory | D．his memory is not often used |
小题4:Give the best title for this passage.| A．How To Have A Good Memory | B．Don"t Stop Using Your Arms Or Legs | | C．Strong Arms And Good Memories | D．Learn From The People |
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American society is not nap (午睡)-friendly. In fact, says David Dinges, a sleep specialist at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, “There’s even a prohibition against admitting we need sleep”. Nobody wants to be caught napping or found asleep at work. To quote a proverb: “Some sleep five hours, nature requires seven, laziness nine and wickedness eleven.”
Wrong. The way not to fall asleep at work is to take naps when you need them. “We have to totally change our attitude toward napping,” says Dr. William Dement of Stanford University, the godfather of sleep research.
Last year a national commission led by Dement identified an “American sleep debt” which one member said was as important as the national debt. The commission was concerned about the dangers of sleepiness: people causing industrial accidents or falling asleep while driving. This may be why we have a new sleep policy in the White House. According to recent reports, President Clinton is trying to take a ha1f-hour snooze (瞌睡) every afternoon.
About 60 percent of American adults nap when given the opportunity. We seem to have “a mid afternoon quiet phase,” also called “a secondary sleep gate.” Sleeping 15 minutes to two hours in the early afternoon can reduce stress and make us refreshed. Clearly, we were born to nap.
We Superstars of Snooze don"t nap to replace lost shut-eye or to prepare for a night shift.Rather, we “snack” on sleep, whenever, wherever and at whatever time we feel like it. I myself have napped in buses, cars, planes and on boats; on floors and beds; and in libraries, offices and museums.
小题1:It is commonly accepted in American society that too much sleep is .| A．unreasonable | B．criminal | C．harmful | D．costly |
小题2:The research done by the Dement Commission shows that Americans ________.| A．don"t like to take naps | | B．are terribly worried about their national debt | | C．sleep less than is good for them | | D．have caused many industrial and traffic accidents |
小题3:The purpose of this article is to .| A．warn us of the wickedness of napping | | B．explain the danger of sleepiness | | C．discuss the side effects of napping | | D．convince the reader of the necessity of napping |
小题4:The underlined phrase “American sleep debt” in Para. 3 is the result of .| A．the traditional misconception the Americans have about sleep | | B．the new sleep policy of the Clinton Administration | | C．the rapid development of American industry | | D．the Americans" worry about the danger of sleepiness |
小题5:The second sentence of the last paragraph tells us that it is .| A．preferable to have a sound sleep before a night shift | | B．good practice to eat something light before we go to bed | | C．essential to make up for cost sleep | | D．natural to take a nap whenever we feel the need for it |
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Some students get so nervous before a test, they do poorly even if they know the material. Sian Beilock has studied these highly anxious test-takers.
Sian Beilock: “They start worrying about the consequences. They might even start worrying about whether this exam is going to prevent them from getting into the college they want. And when we worry, it actually uses up attention and memory resources.I talk about it as your cognitive horsepower that you could otherwise be using to focus on the exam.”
Professor Beilock and another researcher, Gerardo Ramirez, have developed a possible solution. Just before an exam, highly anxious test-takers spend ten minutes writing about their worries about the test.
Sian Beilock: “what we think happens is when students put it down on paper , they think about the worst that could happen and they reappraise the situation. They might realize it’s not as had as they might think it was before and, in essence(本质上), it prevents these thoughts from popping up when they’re actually taking a test.”
The researchers tested the idea on a group of twenty anxious college students. They gave them two short math tests. After the first one, they asked the students to either sit quietly or write about their feelings about the upcoming second test.
The researchers added to the pressure. They told the students that those who did well on the second test would get money. They also told them that their performance would affect other students as part of a team effort.
Professor Beilock says those who sat quietly scored an average of twelve percent worse on the second test. But the students who had written about their fears improved their performance by an average of five percent.
Next, the researchers used younger students in a biology class. They told them before final exams either to write about their feelings or to think about things unrelated to the test.
Prefessor Beilock says highly anxious students who did the writing got an average grade of B+, compared to a B- for those who did not.
Sian Beilock: “What we showed is that for students who are highly test-anxious, who’d done our writing intervention, all of a sudden there was no relationship between test anxiety and performance. Those students most likely to worry were performing just as well as their classmates who don’t normally get nervous in these testing situations.”
But what if students do not have a chance to write about their fears immediately before an exam or presentation? Professor Beilock says students can try it themselves at home or in the library and still improve their performance.
小题1:What may happen if students have the problem of test anxiety?| A．Test anxiety can improve students’ performance to some degree. | | B．Students’ attention and memory resources run out when worried. | | C．Students may not be admitted into their favorite college if worried | | D．Test anxiety is sure to cause students to fail the test. |
小题2:Which of the following if TRUE?| A．In the first math test, students who sat quietly performed better. | | B．In the second math test, students who wrote about their feelings did worse. | | C．Some college students are highly anxious test-takers while others are not in the tests. | | D．The result in the math test agrees with that in the biology test. |
小题3:What does the underlined phrase “popping up” mean?| A．Giving out | B．Fading away | C．Becoming clearly | D．Appearing suddenly |
小题4:what is most probably Sian Beilock?| A．A psychology professor. | B．A philosophy researcher. | | C．A politics professor | D．A tutor |
小题5:What is the main idea of the passage?| A．It is a common practice for students being worried before a test. | | B．Being worried before tests does harm to students’ performance. | | C．Anxious students overcome test anxiety by writing down fears. | | D．It is important for students to overcome test anxiety. |
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